Volume 4, Issue 2, February – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Anti - Demential Effect of EGB 761 on Dementia

Induced Wistar Rats
R. Vanitha Jebamalar Dr. S. Senthil Kumar
Research Scholar Professor of Anatomy
Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research
Chennai, India Chennai, India

Dr. Jaideep Mahendra Dr. Jayamathi Govindaraj

Director of Post Graduate Studies Professor of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Dentistry Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital
Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research
Chennai, India Chennai, India

Dr. P. Ramajayan
Veterinarian,
International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology
Chennai – India

Abstract:- Dementia is a devastative neurodegenerative I. INTRODUCTION

disease which needs sufficient examinations on
successful treatment choices. Various studies have been Dementia is alluded to as a gathering of chronic
carried out to find therapeutic approaches for disorders which is described by memory loss, improvement
dementia. Application of therapeutants and other of various cognitive deformities found in instances of
concoction drugs are not fruitful. A large portion of the adjusted physiological conditions. These adjusted
current drugs not perfect to treat the dementia because conditions are separate by changes in the character of an
of absence of particularity. Be that as it may, the individual joined by loss of intellectual function. The
natural medicines are demonstrated as viable with modification of the physiological conditions provoking
against dementia properties. A large number of plants dementia could be because of any medicine or on the other
and plant constituents are being actively pursued for hand numerous etiology prompting social and occupational
the anti-dementia activity. In the present study dysfunction [1]. Memory is the procedure by which
biochemical alterations in after induced dementia creatures can record their encounters and use this so as to
treated with from EGB761 which is the standard adjust their reactions to the nature. Subsequently it is
extract of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract in combination imperative for survival. Impeded subjective capacities are
with frontline memory enhancing drug Donepezil in the real highlights of Alzheimer's disease. The ordinary
different doses were investigated. Animals were span of survival of AD patients after the start of dementia is
randomised and grouped based on the stratified body 5 to 9.3 years. As a result of absence of a permanent cure,
weight Dementia were induced to all the animals (GII – AD has transform into an imperative therapeutic issue, in
GVI) by intra peritoneal injection of scopolamine spite of the way that there are a couple of drugs that may
except group I and VII. For group VII, animals were back off its advances. It is assessed that there are 35.6
treated with drug for a period of 6 weeks then dementia million people living with dementia worldwide and would
were induced at the end of the treatment after 6 week have addition to 65.7 million by 2030, whereby an
to assess the pretreatment effect of drug. Biochemical extraordinary piece of the extension will be in developing
analysis such as creatinine, cholesterol, sodium, countries [2-3]. Several factors and conditions provoke
potassium, urea, HDL and LDL were also carried out dementia. These can be, Alzheimer's disease, dementia with
using standard procedures. The level of urea, Lewy bodies, vascular illness, heavy drinker dementia,
Creatinine, sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, Creutzfeldt– Jakob sickness, Parkinson's ailment, hereditary
cholesterol, HDL and LDL was observed at after or a metabolic illness and harmful or an awful infection (4-
induced dementia with different treatments when 6). In recent years, several clinical studies have proposed
compared to scopolamine. EGB 761 could give what may be an important key in the progression of AD.
significant knowledge to development of newer lead The memory is the most imperative elements of the mind.
compounds against dementia. Application of therapeutants and other concoction drugs are
not fruitful. A large portion of the current drugs not perfect
Keywords:- EGB 761, Sodium, Potassium, Urea, to handle dementia because of absence of particularity. Be
Creatinine, Cholesterol, HDL and LDL. that as it may, the natural medicines are demonstrated as
viable with against dementia properties. They improve the
memory of dementia induced Wistar rats and incite the
regeneration of damaged nerve cells in brain and nerve

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Volume 4, Issue 2, February – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
tissues. The anti demential effects of a number of B. Induction of dementia
compounds were reported [7]. In the present study to Dementia was induced to all the animals (GII – GVI)
develop an effective anti demential compounds from EGB by intra peritoneal injection of scopolamine except group I
761 in combination with frontline memory enhancing drug and VII. For group VII, animals were treated with drug for
Donepezil in different doses. a period of 6 weeks then dementia was induced at the end
of the treatment after 6 week to assess the pretreatment
Ginkgo Biloba have been used as agents for effect of drug. Biochemical analysis such as sodium,
improving cerebral circulation and exhibits various potassium, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, HDL and LDL
biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-parasitic, anti- were also carried out using standard procedures.
tumor and anti-viral activities. It possessed
phytoconstituents such as phenolic acids, C. Assay for serum total cholesterol
proanthocyanidins, flavonoid glycosides, biflavones, as The level of serum in total cholesterol was measured
well as alkylphenols and polyprenols [8]. EGB 761 is the after enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation of the sample as
standard extract of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract. depicted by the technique of Stein [13]. Quickly, 1000: l of
Biochemical analysis such as sodium, potassium, urea, the reagent was added to all the test sample and standard.
creatinine, cholesterol, HDL and LDL plays a crucial role in This was brooded for 10 minutes at 20-25ºC in the wake of
the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and blending and the absorbance of the example (A sample) and
AD. Depressed sodium and potassium levels might lead to a standard (A standard) was estimated against the reagent
cellular ion imbalance. Renal capacity decreases with age clear inside 30 minutes at 546 nm. The estimation of Total
and as per the burden of vascular risk factors, while serum Cholesterol present in serum was expressed in the unit of
creatinine and proteinuria have been related with late life mg/dL.
occurrence all-cause dementia. Both low and high
glomerular filtration rates might be valuable markers for D. Assay for serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol
mortality and cardiovascular occasions, while hereditary The serum level of high density lipoprotein
impacts may be essential to interfere those dangers [9-10]. cholesterol HDL-C was estimated by the method of Wacnic
Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disorder represented and Alber [14]. Low-density lipoproteins and chylomicron
by the co-occurrence of vascular conditions related to fractions in the sample were precipitated quantitatively by
impaired glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia. Each addition of phosphotungstic acid in the presence of
individual factor and metabolic syndrome as a whole has magnesium ions. The mixture of the sample was kept for 10
been repeatedly correlated with cognitive decline and minutes at room temperature and centrifuged at 4000 rpm
dementia [11-12]. Keeping in this view the present for 10 minutes. The supernatant described the HDL-C
investigation was undertaken to elucidate the biochemical fraction. The cholesterol concentration in the HDL fraction,
alterations in after induced dementia treated with from EGB which remained in the supernatant, was determined. The
761 in combination with frontline memory enhancing drug value of HDL-C was expressed in the unit of mg/dl.
Donepezil in different doses.
E. Determination of serum low-density lipoprotein
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS The serum level of (LDL-C) was measured according
to protocol of Friedewald et al.[15] The value was
A. Experimental design expressed in the unit of mg/dL
Animals were randomised and grouped based on the
stratified body weight. The weight variation of mouse was III. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
minimal and not exceeds ± 20% of the mean body weight.
The weights of each mouse were measured before starting All the results and data were expressed as mean ± standard
the experiment. Prior to the experiments, random sampling deviation. Data was analyzed using two way ANOVA by
was made among the animals to detect any external bonferroni test and one way ANOVA tukey’s test. (P< 0.05
perceptive symptoms, to ensure that the Wistar rats were and P< 0.001) was considered as statistically significant.
free from disease/infections. Group I as Control (Normal
saline), Group II as positive control (Scopolamine 1mg/kg + IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Normal saline), Group III as reference drug (Scopolamine
1mg/kg + Donepezil 10mg/kg), Group IV served as In the present investigation anti demential effect of EGB
reference drug (scopolamine 1 mg/kg + Donepezil 761 on biochemical analysis such as sodium, potassium,
20mg/kg), Group V served as Test drug (Scopolamine 1 urea, creatinine, cholesterol, HDL and LDL were studied.
mg/kg + EGB 761 100 mg/kg), Group VI served as Test
drug (Scopolamine 1 mg/kg + EGB 761 200 mg/kg) and F. Sodium and Potassium
Group VII served as Test drug (EGB 761 100 mg/kg + It was observed that administration of Scopolamine
Scopolamine 1 mg/kg). and normal saline (Group II) increased the level of sodium
and potassium and it was found to be 175.83 ± 1.58 and
2.59 ± 0.07. Likewise, EGB 761 and Scopolamine (Group
VII) extract also significantly increased the level of sodium
and potassium in after induced dementia was found to be
148.45 ± 1.25 and 4.39 ± 0.34 respectively (P< 0.05 and P<

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Volume 4, Issue 2, February – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
0.001) (Table 1 and Fig.1). Moderate level of elevation in intervened and independent of blood pressure variations in
sodium and potassium was observed at Group III and the older people with AD. Modifications in urea and creatinine
decreased level of sodium and potassium was observed at invigorated by scopolamine were altogether prevented by
Group IV in after induced dementia. Our results were akin EGB 761.
with Ozawa et al [16] who observed that the dietary intake
of potassium, magnesium and calcium declined the risk of C.Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL
dementia mainly in vascular dementia. The risk of AD In the present study, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL
would in general decrease with higher detailed dietary in dementia induced Wistar rats was investigated. After
mineral intake, but there was no significant linear induced dementia treatment, total cholesterol level was
progression. Likewise, Cisternas et al.[17] who observed increased in Group III was found to be 192.43 ± 1.82 and
that the increase in the intake of K+ could help to prevent the decreased level of was observed at Group VI and VII
the pathologies such as hypertension, which could possibly was found to be 159.43 ± 1.12 and 180.64 ± 1.43. Likewise,
prevent or retard the onset of cognitive-related diseases HDL was increased in Group V, VI and VII was found to
such as AD. The positive effects represented for the K+ diet be 82.21 ± 0.47 and decreased in Group III, II and I was
could be an interesting non-pharmacological treatment at found to be 53.48 ± 0.32, 51.26 ± 0.28 and 66.83 ± 0.32 (P<
least to some extent, the incidence of cognitive decline and 0.05 and P< 0.001) respectively (Table3 and Fig.3). Our
the progression of AD. results were substantiating with Dubey [20] who recorded
that the significant lowering of serum cholesterol in EGB
G. Urea and Creatinine 761 treated animals, almost comparable to that of lovastatin
A significant variation of urea and creatinine was B. Similarly, disturbances in cholesterol, HDL and LDL
observed in after induced dementia at all the treatment indicate disturbances in protein, carbohydrate and lipid
groups. Maximum level of inhibition was observed at metabolism induced by thioacetamide intoxication was
(Group V) Scopolamine + EGB761 on urea and creatinine reported by Al-Attar [21]. Ismail et al. [22] also observed
was found to be 49.88 ± 0.58, 0.88 ± 0.04 and 42.69 ± 0.53, the levels of serum cholesterol and LDL were increased,
0.67 ± 0.09. Likewise, Scopolamine + EGB 761 (Group while the level of serum HDL was declined in CCl4 treated
V1) was showed 45.41 ± 0.43, 0.72 ± 0.03 and 41.42 ± rats. Low level of HDL may be a risk factor for loss of
0.36, 0.64 ± 0.08 respectively (P<0.05) (Table 2 and Fig.2). memory lead to dementia. EGB 761 has a potential anti
Similar observations was recorded by Chaturvedi et al [18] demential activity in Wistar rats compared to Donepezil.
who reported the significant increased level in the blood These results suggest that EGB 761 can be used as a
urea nitrogen, due to a metabolic cause in dementia. valuable or effective herbal drug to combat dementia
Ferreira de Oliveira [19] additionally considered the patients.
impacts of ACE is over creatinine varieties are hereditarily

Without dementia Treatment After induced dementia Treatment

S. No Group
Sodium Potassium Sodium Potassium
1. Normal saline 135.74 ± 1.21 3.91 ± 0.12 135.84 ± 1.20 4.36 ± 0.32
2. Scopolamine + Normal saline 142.82 ± 1.30 3.75 ± 0.10 175.83 ± 1.58 2.59 ± 0.07
3. Scopolamine + Donepezil 140.02 ± 1.27 4.36 ± 0.32 149.23 ± 1.30 3.64 ± 0.10
4. Scopolamine + Donepezil 150.19 ± 1.32 4.71 ± 0.38 126.43 ± 1.11 3.89 ± 0.11
5. Scopolamine + EGB 761 140.81 ± 1.25 3.91 ± 0.12 144.18 ± 1.24 4.15 ± 0.18
6. Scopolamine + EGB 761 138.39 ± 1.23 3.91 ± 0.12 142.41 ± 1.23 4.01 ± 0.12
7. EGB 761 + Scopolamine 136.82 ± 1.19 4.36 ± 0.31 148.45 ± 1.25 4.39 ± 0.34
Table 1:- Sodium and Potassium Level of Dementia in Different Treatment Groups

Without dementia Treatment After induced dementia Treatment

S. No Group
Urea Creatinine Urea Creatinine
1. Normal saline 44.31 ± 0.41 0.78 ± 0.03 44.13 ±0.42 0.59 ± 0.07
2. Scopolamine + Normal saline 44.09 ± 0.41 0.82 ± 0.04 59.43 ± 0.68 1.79 ± 0.4
3. Scopolamine + Donepezil 47.39 ± 0.50 0.78 ± 0.03 49.64 ± 0.59 1.02 ± 0.1
4. Scopolamine + Donepezil 48.38 ± 0.54 0.76 ± 0.03 44.39 ± 0.42 0.92 ± 0.1
5. Scopolamine + EGB 761 49.88 ± 0.58 0.88 ± 0.04 42.69 ± 0.53 0.67 ± 0.09
6. Scopolamine + EGB 761 45.41 ± 0.43 0.72 ± 0.03 41.42 ± 0.36 0.64 ± 0.08
7. EGB 761 + Scopolamine 43.71 ± 0.38 0.65 ± 0.03 44.28 ± 0.41 0.66 ± 0.08
Table 2:- Urea and Creatinine Level of Dementia in Different Treatment Groups

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Volume 4, Issue 2, February – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Without dementia Treatment After induced dementia Treatment

S. No Group
TC HDL LDL TC HDL LDL
180.12 ± 67.83 ± 122.39 ± 179.12 ± 118.17 ±
1. Normal saline 66.83 ± 0.32
1.68 0.63 0.69 1.52 1.12
192.34 ± 55.83 ± 118.42 ± 198.27 ± 129.67 ±
2. Scopolamine + Normal saline 51.26 ± 0.28
1.72 0.48 0.62 1.68 1.32
171.48 ± 60.46 ± 110.25 ± 188.63 ± 139.75 ±
3. Scopolamine + Donepezil 53.48 ± 0.32
1.56 0.59 0.57 1.70 0.98
187.53 ± 54.35 ± 131.28 ± 192.43 ± 121.31 ±
4. Scopolamine + Donepezil 69.31 ± 0.43
1.70 0.47 0.49 1.82 1.11
165.69 ± 52.25 ± 0. 120.65 ± 140.23 ± 112.67 ±
5. Scopolamine + EGB 761 74.24 ± 0.53
1.43 43 0.54 1.03 1.04
169.78 ± 68.26 ± 116.71 ± 159.43 ± 114.47 ±
6. Scopolamine + EGB 761 82.21 ± 0.47
1.47 0.32 0.43 1.12 1.21
185.76 ± 57.31 ± 118.43 ± 180.64 ± 118.64 ±
7. EGB 761 + Scopolamine 65.29 ± 0.33
1.73 0.31 0.42 1.43 0.99
Table 3:- Total Cholesterol, HDL and LDL Level of Dementia in Different Treatment Groups

Fig 1:- Sodium and Potassium Level of Dementia in Different Treatment Groups

Fig 2:- Urea and Creatinine Level of Dementia in Different Treatment Groups

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Fig 3:- Cholestrol, HDL and LDL Level of Dementia in Different Treatment Groups

V. CONCLUSION [5]. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R,

Price D, Stadlan EM: Clinical diagnosis of
Anti-demential effect of EGB 761 on biochemical Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA
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major chemical constituent occurs in Gingko Biloba is [6]. Chui HC, Victoroff JI, Margolin D, Jagust W,
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management of AD. EGb761 altered the biochemical California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT K, Fagard R, et al. Kidney function in the very
elderly with hypertension: data from the hypertension
I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. S. Senthil in the very elderly (HYVET) trial. Age Ageing.
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