Volume 3, Issue 10, October – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Mechanisms Put in Place to Curb Al-Shabaab Activities

in Garissa County
Alinur Hassan Haji, Kennedy Onkware
Department of Peace and Conflict Studies
Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology
P.O BOX, 190-50100 Kakamega, KENYA
Abstract:- Islamism has in recent times grown popular asserts that, in the East Africa region, the AU has ensured
and is used by its followers to emphasize a return to the member states put in place mechanisms for counterterrorism
Holy Scriptures and reliance on the fundamental texts of purposes. Several treaties, aimed at countering the terror
Islam, as a way to live in today’s world. Terrorist groups threats in the region, have been ratified by member states but
have used Islamism in their operations especially to inform of the 53 states only 37 have ratified the OAU Convention of
their activities due to its adaptability. The objective of this 1999 and the AU Plan of Action of 2004. The African Centre
study was to assess the mechanisms put in place to curb for Study and Research of Terrorism (ACSRT) was
Al-Shabaab activities in Garissa County. The study established by AU in 2004 .It specializes in terrorism and
established that, there were mechanisms put in place in counterterrorism programmes. It is also aimed at giving expert
curbing Al-Shabaab activities. These mechanisms include: guidance; harmonizing and standardizing legal frameworks;
the role of the local community in curbing Al-Shabaab disseminating research on counterterrorism and organising
activities in Garissa County, role of Civil Society functions for improving counterterrorism capacities of states.
Organizations and other stakeholders in re-integration Additionally, another mechanism for counter insurgency and
process of radicalized individuals and social mechanisms terrorism was established in 2008. The Combined Joint Task
put in place to deal with stigmatization of terrorist-linked Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) a component of the U.S-
families. It also seemed unlikely that any single mechanism Africa Command (AFRICOM), was established to bolster the
could help in curbing Al-Shabaab activities in Garissa. The fight against insurgency and terrorism. Besides these
study also found out that despite mechanisms put place, establishments, the Horn of Africa also has the East Africa
there were multiple and diverse pathways that were still Counter-Terrorism Initiative (EACTI) put in place by the U.S
being explored by Al-Shabaab. The reality is that, there and this overly plays a preponderant role in militating against
are many factors that can bear on individual’s or acts of terror.
community’s role in curbing Al-Shabaab activities. The
study recommends improved approach on the re- II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
integration of formally radicalized individuals back into
the society and a tailored re-integration system that breaks The study was anchored upon Social Distance Theory.
the cycle of radicalization. The proponents of the Social Distance Theory include among
others Black. Black states that the point of departure of this
Keywords:- Islamism, Al-Shabaab, counter-terrorism, approach from other approaches such as rational choice theory
radicalization. and new terrorism theory, is that, long-standing grievances
alone cannot explain extreme violence. Black (2004) moots
I. INTRODUCTION that, perpetrator’s grievances, enemies and the sociological
interrelationships plays an integral role in identifying the
In modern world, a key security measure to guarantee actor’s motive in the whole process perpetuating terror. Black
the masses of security is counter terrorism by various security (2004) further identifies several other social distances and
agencies. Bjørgo (2015) argues that a holistic approach to argues that terrorism has an ‘inter-collective’ direction. First,
applying counter-terrorism to augment crime prevention is terrorists targets civilians who are associated with ethno-
key. He notes that counter-terrorism as a mechanism for crime religious milieu. Secondly, terrorism has an upward direction,
prevention is a norm in democratic societies. This is broad and where terror attacks are directed towards targets that
elaborate process of averting terrorism and is based on a raft symbolize the central government, dominant regime or socio-
of measures. An effort to reduce radicalization, aborting economic or political superior group. Therefore, terrorism
recruitment of terror perpetrators is key. Besides, the use of a implies the social distance phenomenon that is orchestrated by
single approach to countering terrorism cannot work in the individuals who are socially linked (Black 2004).
contemporary security environment. Miller (2013) observes
that deterrence policies may not be effective since terrorist The Al Shabaab capitalizes on the huge differences
exudes an irrationality level that cannot be merely supressed between Islam and other religious and cultural groups. It
by deterrence mechanism. It is against this background that discriminates against Christians and other mainstream
this study sought to assess the mechanisms put in place to curb religions. This makes non-Muslims based in Northern Kenya
Al-shabaab activities in Garissa County. Kimungunyi (2011) an easy target for Al-Shaabab attacks. These groups are

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Volume 3, Issue 10, October – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
attacked and eliminated in the name of banishing evil and the Purposive sampling was used to sample 6 Islamic
wrongdoers who don’t live according to Islamism advocated clerics, one from each of the six sub-counties. Snowball
by the Al Shabaab. To this end, there have been attacks on sampling was used to sample 30 radicalized youths, 5 from
places of worship and cultural centers of other faiths and each of the 6 sub-counties. Security officials were samples as
cultures. Any institution that hosts and provides sanctuary to follows: 1 county commissioner was sampled purposively; 6
other distant religions and cultures have been targeted as well. deputy county commissioners were sampled purposively from
It was against this background that this theory was employed each of the 6 sub-counties; 3 regional commanders were also
to assess the mechanisms put in place to curb Al-shabaab sampled purposively in the County; 1 representing the
activities at Garissa County. Administrative Police (AP), 1 representing Kenya Police, and
1 representing the Criminal Investigation Directorate (CID); 1
III. METHODOLOGY County boss of the Anti- terrorism police Unit was
This study adopted descriptive correlational survey purposively; 2 Anti- terrorism police Unit in charge of Garisa
design. The descriptive correlational approach described the and Daadab sub-counties; 6 Officers in charge of Police
status of the variables while showing how the variables relate Divisions (OCPDs) were purposively sampled and 6 Officers
in the natural setting (Creswell, 2013). This design was useful Police Stations were purposively sampled, 6 chiefs were also
for greater understanding of complex social phenomena as it sampled purposively for the study.
allowed the researcher to retain whole and meaningful real
IV. STUDY FINDINGS
events. It also allowed the researcher to delve and concentrate
on a particular case which allowed greater depth in the A. Measures to curb terrorism
inquiry. The outcome was fit for making generalizations with The study sought to establish the knowledge of the
regards to the topic under investigation. This design further respondents on the measures put in place in curbing terrorism
employed the qualitative approach in gathering data from the in the study area. The respondents were asked to state whether
sampled population. The study was based in Garissa County there were measures put in place to curb terrorism. The results
whose close proximity to Somali has contributed to incessant are as shown in figure 4.1
terror related activities perpetuated by the Al-shaabab. The
county has a total area of 44,174.1 Kilometers square (17,056
Square Mileage) and its population total to 623,060 (334,939
male and 288,121 female) with projections showing the n=384
population had increased to 849,457 by 2017. The study 25%
covered the six constituencies of Garissa,namely: Lagdera
Garissa Township, Balambala, Dadaab, , Fafi and Ijara. Yes
Primary data was collected from four groups (Islamic Clerics,
75% No
radicalized youths, security agency officials and heads of
households in the communities). In the case of the household
heads, semi-structured questionnaires were issued for filling
across the six sub-counties that make up Garissa County.
Garisa County has a population of 623,060 (KNBS, 2010). In
this regard therefore the target population for the study was
more than 10000. The desired sample population for Fig 4.1:- Knowledge of measures present in curbing terrorism
household heads was determined using Fisher’s formula for in Garissa County
sample size determination (Fisher et al., 1983 cited in Source: Field Data 2018
Mugenda & Mugenda, 1999:43). The formula is stated below.
The results in figure 6.1 show that, 288 (75 %) of the
𝑧 2 𝑝𝑞
n= household respondents knew about the measures put in place
𝑑2
to curb terrorism while 96 (25 %) of the respondents indicated
Where n=desired sample size
that they did not know about the measures put in place to curb
(The target population is greater than 10,000).
z=the standard normal deviate at the confidence level of 95% terrorism. These results implied that the respondents had
background knowledge regarding the measures put in place to
is 1.96.
p=the proportion of the target population fight Al-Shabaab activities.
Estimated to have characteristics being measured is set at The key informant interviews supported the findings by
50% indicating that they had knowledge about the measures to curb
q=1-p (probability of non-success) terrorism in the study area. Islamic clerics, radicalized youths,
d=level of statistical significance set at 0.05 security officials indicated that measures to curb terrorism
(1.96)2 ∗0.5∗(1−0.5)
n= (0.05)2
were in place. The County Commissioner, the deputy County
n=384 commissioner, regional commander, Anti-Terrorism Police
Units (ATPUs),OCPDs, OCSs across the six sub-counties,

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Volume 3, Issue 10, October – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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were all in tandem that measures to curb terrorism were in countries affected by terrorism. This is indicative of an
place. In support of the results from the household heads, an ingrained culture of terror perpetuated by Al-Shabaab in
Imam indicated that: Kenya since Kenya’s incursion in Somalia. The mechanisms
to fight terrorism have been bolstered by the introduction and
Muslim scholars should help in spreading the right review of Kenya Police strategic plan of 2003-2008 and 2013-
teaching of the Quran and its applicability to the contemporary 2017 respectively. Besides the establishment of National
world especially in regard to terrorism, government to Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) has also played a
intensify its operation against terrorist, monitoring activities of preponderant role in streamlining methods used in curbing
mosques and madrasas in the rural areas within Garissa activities of Al-Shabaab.
County and the refugee camps. (Interview With chairman of
imams in Garissa County, 17th May 2018). B. Mechanism put in Place by the Government to Curb Al-
shaabab activities
Albeit, acknowledging the fact that measures to curb The study sought to establish the extent to which the
terrorism have been put in place, he however reiterated the respondents agreed with the following mechanisms in Garissa
need to intensify the measures that were in place. His assertion County; police stations, increased border patrols,
were in agreement with Gatuiku (2014) who argue that Kenya, establishment of Military camp, screening of refuges from
has witnessed a relative success story and has been doing its Somali, Nyumba Kumi and public awareness through local
best to combat terrorism, though the process needs to be more leaders and Government officials. The Results are as indicated
intensified.. According to the Global terrorism index (2014), in Figure 6.2
Kenya was ranked twelfth, among the highest ranking

Fig 4.2:- Mechanism put in Place by the Government to Curb Al-shabaab activities in Garissa County
Source: Field Data 2018

 Police Stations activities was preponderant. Besides, exposure to how past

The Study sought to establish the extent to which police terrorist attacks evolved and what their root causes are, help
stations were a concern in the study area. The result in figure develop a deeper understanding that can, if done right,
6.2 indicated that out of 384 household heads 268 (70%) of translate into improved day-to-day policing.
the respondents asserted that the need for police stations was a
major concern as compared to a 116 (30 %) who were of the More police stations can also help in developing
contrary opinion. Police stations which is mainly associated simulation: where police officers boost their training levels by
with beefing up security among community members, is a simulating possible attacks and learning to get into the mindset
factor that respondents agreed to be a major factor that has of the “terrorist criminal” by studying a group.
often been overlooked or given little regard among community
These findings are corroborated with social distance
members with people continuing to fall victims of heinous acts
theory that asserts that high levels of social distance between
of terror.
perpetrators and victims increases mass casualty. Therefore,
Reiterating the household heads findings, on the need for establishment of police stations is a terror deterrent, though
more police stations, the regional commander asserted that, perpetrators view the police, affiliated to the government, as
formation of anti-terrorist police unit (ATPU) in all sub- obstruction in their quest to commit heinous acts. De la Roche
counties for efficient and effective response to terrorist (1996) & Black (2004), suggest that mass casualty can be

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avoided when the distance between the protectors (the police) therefore did not agree that such mechanism to curb terrorism
and the victims is narrowed against the perpetrators of terror- had been put in place to combat terrorism in the County. This
Al-Shabaab. These findings therefore, suggest that when more is due to the fact that there were still sporadic attacks that were
police stations are established the residents can be cushioned being witnessed in a few areas that became new conduits for
from unwarranted attacks from Al-shabaab. terrorists.

The GoK in 2013divided CT roles between the three Military camps play a vital role in foiling attempts of
arms of the National Police Service: the Anti-Terrorism Police terror attacks .Many countries have special counterterrorism
Unit, the Kenya Police consisting of the civil police, the units, which are brought into play to deal with situations
Directorate of Criminal Investigation, the paramilitary General involving terrorists. They have specially trained police or
Services Unit and the Administration Police; and the non- military forces designed to deal with situations in which
police agencies like the KDF, the National Intelligence terrorism groups have captured hostages. Kenya has
Service and installation of more police stations, was part of continually faced terrorist threat from Somali-based terrorist
this restructuring. However, much has not been realized due to group Al-Shabaab, against which the Kenya Defense Forces
the fact that, more, yet intensified trainings, are yet to be have engaged in military operations in Somalia since 2011 as
carried out in all levels of security operations. Ploch (2011) part of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM)
observes that, since the Kenyan government created the Anti- (Country Reports on Terrorism,2016).
Terror Police Unit, the government has been muscling up
efforts on preventing the migration of foreign fighters, A more recent example includes the use of American
including Kenyan nationals, to join Al-Shabaab in neighboring and British Special Forces units, including 22SAS, to disrupt
Somalia. Several attacks by Al-Shabaab militants against and Sunni and Shia insurgent activity in Baghdad, notably the
inside Kenya, made the Kenyan government to realize that suicide and car-bomb attacks committed by al-Qaeda in Iraq
terrorism is a cross-border crime and a national security threat. (AQI). The establishment of military along the borders of
This necessitated the formation of a multi-agency mechanism, Baghdad has help fight terrorism. In this light, the efforts of
effective coordination of key actors and a coordinating Special Forces were lauded as key step in fighting terror
mechanism as national CT focal point. In September 2003, a (Hughes, 2011)
CT strategy paper was approved since its conception in April
2003 and presented to the Kenyan Cabinet. As a result, NCTC According to the findings from the regional commander,
was established and inaugurated on the 27th.of January prioritizing terrorism activities by all security agencies in the
2004.This document sets precedence in fighting external county and coordination/multiagency approach to terrorist
aggression by a militant group, thus the need to establish more activities was a key role. In this light, establishment of more
police stations with technical as well as abrasive skills to tailored military camps would serve the purpose of curbing
militate against Al-shabaab activities. terrorism along the border lines. While the government has
made laudable efforts in putting in place more stations, those
From the foregoing, it is evident that effectiveness in the effort have proved to be insufficient in areas of corruption,
adoption and implementation of more police stations as a border control and security.
mechanism, relates to how best the mechanism has been
regarded and employed. This entails the communication, The military, as an instrument of power, to some extent
interpretation and adoption strategies put in place so as to has not effectively been used to combat terrorism. A reference
realize its importance. From these findings, it can be stated point is 1998 terrorist attack in Nairobi. This was due to the
that putting more police stations as a mechanism is not just a notion that terrorist activities were not as pervasive as could
mere structural effort but an important aspect in helping the have been little imagined. The reality that porous border land
community be adequately prepared to fight Al-shabaab. The were entry point for terrorists, were far peripheral a thought.
effectiveness of police stations needs to be considered in the Nevertheless the military needs surveillance along Kenya-
context of enhancing patrols and tightening vigilance. Their Somalia border to protect Garissa County from Al-Shabaab
specific purpose and their functions also need to be considered inroads and attacks. Since 2002, the government increased
along the border. Police station focus on increasing or security along the Kenya-Somalia border and participates in
maintaining security and wellbeing and ‘stopping things from U.S Counterterrorism Combined Joint Task Force in Horn of
occurring-Al-shabaab activities. Africa (CJTF-HOA) for counterterrorism. This initiative
utilizes US training of regional militaries in fighting Al-
C. Establishment of military camps Shabaab and is in tandem with CJTF-HOA’s mission of
The study sought to establish whether there was need for detecting, disrupting and defeating transnational terrorism so
establishing military camps that could avert possible terror observes (Fisher-Thompson, 2004)
attack. The results in figure 6.2 showed that out of 384
respondents, a whopping 346 (90 %) acknowledged that, Further, Adan (2005) argues that this training has
military camps have been established within the county and bolstered Kenya’s military preparedness. However, the
have served a preponderant purpose in curbing terrorism. military still lacks efficient, effective real-time communication
However, 38 (10%) of the respondents were cagey and equipment within the camp establishment. This assertion

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
resonates with the household respondents who felt that the difficulties and their human rights are often breached. Most
establishment of military camps had not achieved much. In refugees in Kenya live in terrible conditions in refugee camps
evaluating the effectiveness of establishment of the camps to where food, water, sanitation and shelter are not adequately
fight Al-Shabaab, the focus was on assessing the provided. Refugees are often times not allowed into Kenya.
government’s use of the instrument of power in averting
possible or future attacks in Garissa County. Thus, to The Refugee Act (2006) lays down provisions relating to
determine the overall effectiveness of this particular variable, recognition of refugees and asserts the principle of non-
the findings from the majority of household respondents, refoulement and codifies the rights and duties of refugees in
suggested that this mechanism was highly effective. Kenya and it is mandated to coordinate activities and
programmes relating to refugees.
D. Screening of Refugees from Somalia
Refugees from Somalia have been zeroed in as potential Kenya is the country hosting the fourth largest number
perpetrators of terrorism. The study therefore sought to find of refugees in the world, behind Pakistan, Iran and Germany,
out whether there is mechanism put in place to check the according to the UNHCR's 2012 annual Global Trends report.
movement of the Somali refugee as they traverse into Kenya. The refugees are mainly from South Sudan and Somalia
Amongst the household respondents, 365 (95 %) agreed to the fleeing civil wars due to political strife in their countries.
inquiry that the refugees are being screened as a way to avert Nzwili (2015) asserts that, the two refugee camps in Kenya are
possible threat. On the contrary, 19 (5 %) of the respondents Kakuma and Daadab. Kirui & Mwaruvie (2012) assert that,
did not agree that such initiative has been put in place to refugee camps often do pose security challenges for host
militate against terrorism. The overwhelming appreciation of countries. The freedom of refugee movement is a fundamental
the fact that screening of refugees was being conducted human right which is protected by numerous treaties and
indicated that the respondents had sufficient knowledge of agreements. However, for Somali refugees, it is harder to
cross border requirement. acquire the movement pass as they have to undergo serious
Screening is not only part of physical security but also vetting before being granted the pass. This is screening in
involves intensified night patrols along the border and main verity. This stringent process was necessitated by the
supply router (MSR’s) to prevent terrorist group from government on the basis of security reasons and fear of
infiltrating into the county specially at the refugee camps terrorism (Human Rights Watch, 2009). Human Rights Watch
which is a safe haven for terrorist. It is a known fact that (2009) further noted that the criteria for a valid reason to
causes, sources, operations and targets of terrorism have obtain a Movement Pass has been developed on an ad hoc
largely become transnational. In fact, terrorism has basis over time, are not prescribed by law or regulation, and
transnational dynamics. This is a precise reason why migration are not available in written form.
controls through screening of refugees with migration control
instruments are seen as appropriate tool for militating against E. Nyumba Kumi Initiative
terrorism. Nyumba Kumi initiative was founded by the government
some years ago as part of security policy and strategy to
Albeit it is not possible to draw as well as confirm a improve security. In view of this, the study sought to ascertain
natural nexus between terrorism and Islamic migration whether the Nyumba Kumi initiative had been rolled out as a
conduits for terrorists, it is nevertheless true to assert that, security mechanism against terrorism and if it had been
these migration control mechanisms along the border might effective. The results in figure 6.2 revealed that 307 (80 %)
help monitor and prevent possible attacks by the terrorists agreed that such initiative has been put in place as compared
(Cinoglu & Altun,2013).Integration of security elements, and to 77 (20 %) who were of the contrary opinion. The majority
conducting thorough immigrant’s identity as well as felt that information sharing between the government
determination of forgery and falsification of documents are a authorities and the members of public would be extremely
raft of measures that can be adopted. However, these measures effective in curbing Al-Shabaab activities.
have been obscured by apparent lack of enforcement as well
as presence of porous border without properly instituted check The foregoing position is held by Botha (2013) who
points. observes that the police have a critical role of engaging with
local communities to increase their ability to identify
States that are also party to the Cartagena Declaration or individuals at risk of falling to violent extremism of Al-
the 1969 OAU Convention have also incorporated broader Shabaab. Nyumba Kumi initiative which is associated with
definition of a refugee, recognizing individuals fleeing streamlining security matters among communities, are factor
generalized violence and other breakdowns of public order. that those who did not agree with viewed as lacking the
Against this background, it may be understood why stringent goodwill. The reasons for failing to share information with the
measures in containing refugee movements are necessary. The County included lack of confidence in the country’s legal
Constitution of Kenya 20I0 also offers protections to refugees system and fear of intimidation by the Police. The respondents
with regards to Chapter IV which guarantees the fundamental believed that some public are not convinced that the witness
rights and freedoms of the individual. Refugees face numerous protection machinery is sufficient enough and therefore

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recommended a scrutiny of the witness protection Act in view respondents of contrary opinion. The fight against al-
of strengthening Nyumba Kumi. Mkutu’s et al (2014) Mujahidin cannot be fought while human rights abuse is
argument, correspond to the immediate claim, that, protection tolerated. The use of force, raiding people’s houses and
Act needs fastening in order to help gathering sufficient subjective detention cannot substitute the efficacy of Nyumba
intelligence needed. They opine among other issues, that the Kumi initiative and therefore NK should be embraced as
public complain about failure of rapid response to crime, petty preponderant tool in ameliorating the suffering of the local
corruption, and poor protections of witnesses and police communities (Ndili, 2014).
brutality as hindrances in fighting violence instigated by terror
groups. Such fears, they note, have hampered intelligence An important goal of Nyumba Kumi is to provide higher
gathering and exacerbated illegal forms of community security service to neighborhoods; therefore, neighborhood
‘security’, thus Nyumba Kumi initiative has still been elusive resilience is enhanced. This becomes an important measure of
concept to some extent. effectiveness.

Strengthening of Nyumba Kumi was further supported F. Public Awareness through local leaders and government
by the evidence from Regional Commander who asserted that: officials
Public awareness is another cynosure that the study
“The use of Nyumba Kumi as a community policy that sought to find its feasibility in the study area. According to
aids in collection of information and facilitate action and figure 6.2, 346 (90 %) of the total respondents agreed that
coordination with local administrators (chiefs and village sensitization exercises had been conducted through public
elders) in curbing terrorism. (Interview Security Agency awareness. However, 38 (10 %) did not agree to the fact that
Regional Commander - 18/5/2018 public awareness has been carried out in the County. The
plausible reason is that, they were either ignorant of public
The findings from household heads were in resonance awareness or segregated from key County machineries. The
with community policing adopted in Kenya in 2013. study blamed the government for lacking goodwill in
According to Ruteere and Pommerolle (2003), Nyumba Kumi countering terrorism. The respondents expect the state to be
is an ambiguous concept that acquires diverse meaning in the the lead agency in the fight against terrorism. It should bring
minds of different actors and different circumstances .Majority together the citizens regardless of religion and educate them
of the respondents agreed that Nyumba Kumi, a community that terrorism is a common enemy whose impact affects
policing tool, is a way of dealing with runaway crimes-violent people regardless of their religious orientation.
terror attacks within the study area. More precisely, Nyumba
Kumi initiative deals with building confidence and trust in the These sentiments were echoed by one of the local chiefs’
community. Despite the obscurity exhibited by other who sought for anonymity .He said:
respondents, the study focused on the broader approach to
know in-depth-significance of Nyumba Kumi. “Jamii inaandaliwa kupigana na kundi haramu la Al-
shabaab kupitia uhamasisho wa waume na wake katika
From the immediate explication, the conceptualization of mikutano.Tunawafundisha jinsi ya kuwasialiana wao kwa
Nyumba Kumi as a mechanism to help deconstruct the wenyewe na kuripoti visa vya kigaidi.(The local community is
concept of curbing terrorism, emphasizes the sole better prepared to fight Al-Shabaab by engaging men and
responsibility of everybody in curbing terrorism. NK helps the women in baraza meetings. Additionally we train people how
community to have its voice heard and actively engage in they can communicate with one another and report incidences
counterterrorism measures. Though NK serves a number of of perceive terror.) (Garissa chief)
purposes, this study focused on knowing how it can be used
effectively to mitigate terrorism rather than just having a mere Despite the efforts put in place to sensitize the people on
knowledge of its existence in the study area. The study found how to fight Al-Shabaab, great concern for respondents of
out that NK is an effective tool to ward off Al-Shabaab contrary opinion still remains a significant issue. More efforts
activities. need to be put to address these concerns of the respondents
who felt that much has not been done to address Al-Shabaab
Garissa County has faced hurdles in realizing fully the activities in the study area.
benefits of this initiative. This is supported by the respondents
who felt that NK has not been entrenched in their communities
due to insecurity challenges posed by Al-Shabaab. This is
hinged upon cooperation, partnership and promoting
communication between the citizen and the police. G. The Role of Local community in Curbing Al-shabaab
Albeit Nyumba Kumi has failed in some counties such activities in Garissa County
as Lamu ,with 72490 crime cases reported in 2016 as The study sought information on whether the local
compared to 69736 cases in 2014 (KPS 2014,Mukinda community plays any role in curbing Al-shabaab activities in
2016),the initiative in Garissa county is a milestone. However, Garissa County. Figure 4.3 presents the finding to this inquiry.
much still needs to be done to address the concerns of the

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100%
100% 90%
Percentage

90% 80% N=384

80%
70% 60% 60%
60% 54%
46%
50% 40% 40%
40%
30% 20%
20% 10%
10% 0% Agree
0%
Disagree

Fig 4.3:- Role of Local community in Curbing Alshabab activities in Garisa County
Source: Field Data, 2018

From the results, the majority of the respondents (59%) concerns and provide feedback on how terrorism can be
indicated that local community plays an important role in curbed.
curbing Al-Shabaab activities while 41% indicated that the
local community does not play any significant role in curbing Chome (2016) opines that, the Somalia-based Harakat
the activities of the Al-Shabaab. This implies that local al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen continues to influence the politics
community gets the support they require from the County of the region and has proved adept at exploiting community
government in dealing with terrorism. risk factors in gaining a foothold in Garissa. Therefore, the
local community must frustrate attempts of Al-shabaab in
Local communities play significant role in curbing attacking the locals. Though Al-Shabaab’s success in
terrorism. Among the respondents who agreed that local convincing Kenyans to join its ranks is determined by the
community plays a vital role in curbing security, unity factor interplay of reliance and risks factors in Garissa County.
emerged as an important interplay in the fight against Community also plays a preponderant role in building local
terrorism. The household respondents therefore were in networks of civic engagement that are inter-clan and
agreement that this was important in immigrant and minority associational. Lauren (2016) identifies collective action as key
communities where perceptions and fears of terrorism cross- role that communities play in militating against violence and
cut key countermeasures. They also indicated that community conflict. She also emphasizes citizen participation and
meetings and advisory committee were avenues to express

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community attachment that further a common purpose in techniques that help them better understand sustainable
fighting violence. solutions to fighting terror.
From the foregoing it can be stated that local community
has played a key role in fighting Al-Shabaab despite  Teachings from Madrasa
incidences of unbelief and skepticism from some respondents. Islamism encourages as well as values Madrasa for
propagation of Islamism as a fundamental drive of Islamic
 Education in the Community faith. The study sought to find out if the local community
The study sought to establish whether the local plays a part in monitoring teachings from madrassas. From the
community plays any role in encouraging education in the results in figure 6.3 230 (60 %) of the total respondents
community. From figure 6.3, the results indicate that 346 (90 concurred that monitoring exercises are conducted and the
%) of the respondents agreed that the local community plays a level of aptitudeness ascertained by community leaders.
preponderant role in promoting education. On the contrary, 38 However, 184 (40%) of the respondents did not concur with
(10%) of the total respondents did not agree with fact that the this inquiry. This outcome brings out clearly the fact that Al-
local community plays any role in encouraging education in Shabaab activities remain threat in Garissa and in Kenya.
curbing the activities of Al-shabaab in Garissa County. These However, uncommon it may be, the County is not safe from
findings were also a confirmation that education on Quran and terrorism attack. This calls for more concerted effort by the
violence are taken serious matter by the local community. Part local community to monitor the teachings from the Madrassas.
of the respondents attest to the fact that Islam like its
monotheistic cousins, Judaism and Christianity, is a religion The findings from the household heads were supported
whose sacred scripture, history and tradition include both by those from the key informants. The regional Commander
peace and violence. indicated that:

A burden of understanding of Jihad and violence is also Al-shabaab group conforms and profess Islam hence
shared. From the respondents’ perspective, education on Jihad making it look like religious violence though not so because
and violence is emphasized from Quaran 9:5.This verse has Al-shabaab activities is inhuman and even targets innocent
been viewed as ‘sword verse’ by Islamic extremists. The civilians in Somali. However, radicalization and recruitment
understanding by the local community on Quran 9:5,for take places in the local mosques and madrasas targeting young
example, is corroborated by Esposito (2015) who argue that, boys and clerics who are susceptible for recruitment into
polemical critics of Islam and Muslims terrorist are to blame terrorist group. Al-shabaab terrorist group target mosques and
for education in this line of thought. Esposito further argues madarasa since it’s easy to radicalize, where Quranic teaching
that, to assert that the religion of Islam is a violent religion that are used to indoctrinate students, certain madrasas probed due
commands the killings of Jews and Christians is defeatist and to the rate of radicalization taking place in it that is
a version propagated by critics. Al Qaeda,ISIS, Boko Haram madarasatul Najah within Garissa town, where one of the Al-
have used these verse to justify unconditional warfare on shabaab commander was once a teacher and many students
unbelievers and Al-Shabaab is no exception. This section of have joined terrorist group.
the verse is often overlooked,” “But if they repent, perform the
prayer and pay the zakat, then let them go their way, for God (Interview Security agency Regional Commander -
is forgiving and kind” (9:5). 18/5/2018)

Education is an emancipation tool. Therefore, engaging These findings indicated that madrassas are possible
the local community effectively in education efforts require, conduit for radicalization and thus there is need to monitor the
first and foremost a proper understanding by the public of the teachings in Madrassas. Further, the findings were
role in ensuring that education plays significant role in curbing corroborated by another Imam who postulated that:
the activities of Al-Shabaab. Promoting educational program
on awareness of terrorist threats is critical to inspire and Alshabaab target Madarasas, duksi (informal education
mobilize the members of the community to play active role schools) and mosques to indoctrinate young boys and Imams
and take necessary precaution regarding their safety. that actually don’t have much knowledge in Islamic teachings
and laws as well as Quran. This gives then opportunities to
In Israel every citizen is used to living his/her life in the recruit youths to join terrorist’s groups.
shadow of terrorism with fear of religious extremism. In this
vein, education plays a pivotal role in the local communities.  (Sheikh Ahmed imam daadab mosque 18/5/2018)
The public are informed to understand terrorism in its proper The process of education in Al-shabaab is tailored upon
context vis-à-vis other threats of safety and homeland security. several stages which included; Radicalization – recruitment –
In this regard the household heads respondents confirmed that violent extremism – Military training (use of weapons) -
this was work that has been done and is ongoing. Thus graduation – posting. All these stages, element of
education plays a vital role in helping the locals in fighting Al- indoctrination, always continue with the view of reminding the
Shabaab. The locals are equipped with apposite skills and recruits that they are in Jihad. This is preached by senior Al-
shabaab commanders. The narratives during preaching are

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
quoted from the Quran to justify such activities (basically
preaching on killing infidels and imposing Islamic Sheria and These findings further resonated with UNSOM (2017 )
formation of caliphate). These findings reflect the nature of carried out in South Central Somalia, where respondents
teachings that goes on in Madrasas when monitoring reported that public condemnation was scant or nonexistent
mechanisms are neglected. due to widespread fear and the pervasive culture of mistrust.
However, this lack of action does not mean that community
Effectiveness of teachings that centers on cultural members do not harbor private resistance to the group.
identity, peace building and restoration are enhanced through
tolerant madrassa sessions. In this light, religious actors can The contemporary terror threats in the Horn of Africa
play a role as educators and help people into more mostly emanate from the terrorist organization- Al-Shabaab,
accommodating views of religious doctrine (Hayward, 2012) . and Garissa County has been on the receiving end of heinous
These assertions are in agreement with the findings from the attacks. The household heads respondents were largely in fear
respondents and therefore tolerant teachings from madrassas of openly rebuking Al-Shabaab. Though they labelled and
plays a unifying role. considered Al-Shabaab a terror group, Al-Shabaab is typified
as a dispersed entity with its ruling class picked from different
 Open speaking against Al-Shabaab conflicting clans and thus raising the possibility of internal
Cases of reprisal attacks are not new in Kenya and so political wrangles. This study sought to underscore whether
Garissa has not been an exception. Such attacks that emanates the community in the study area speak against Al-Shabaab.
from covert actions by the community, are often triggered by From the results above, it is evident that majority of the
disclosure of personal identity. According to figure 6.3, 77 respondents do fear referring to Al-Shabaab. However,
(20%) of the household heads agreed that the local community considering this mechanism and day to day operations, this
dares to confront Al-Shabaab by openly speaking against it. strategy is remote and still unattainable in the war against Al-
On the contrary, when asked to share instances where Shabaab.
community has spoken out to condemn Al-Shabaab, a
whopping 307 (80 %) of the respondents did not agree to this  Formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for Economic
inquiry. The findings are alarming and clearly portray the Empowerment
level of fear in fighting the militia group. It points out that Self-help groups have unprecedentedly become the
much has to be done in building confidence as well as the economic mainstay of many communities. The study sought to
capacities to bravely confront Al-Shabaab. establish the role the local community plays in formation of
self-help groups for economic empowerment. From figure 6.3,
Despite having three quarters of the household it was evident that the local community has actively and most
respondents not agreeing whether speaking openly against Al- significantly played a vital role in the formation of self-help
Shabaab was anything to mention, let alone discussing, the group as a way of empowering the community. All the
minority’s response was backed by an Imam who agreed that household heads respondents 384 representing a 100% of the
overt characterization and rebuke against Al-Shabab was information got from the findings agreed that the local
something present, this is what he said: community plays a huge role. This they argued, helps in
cushioning them against the outcome of a terror attack.
An action by Al-shabbab is irreligious since it does not
conform to the teachings of Islam and practice of Prophet These findings were supported by Lawson Mc Dowall et
Mohammed (Pbuh) because they have little understanding of al (2016), who argue that SHGs are Community –Based
Quranic interpretation. For example, Jihad during the Approach to microfinance. Greater resilience to diversify
prophetic time was necessitated by the fact there was need to shocks and stresses caused by activities of Al-Shabaab is an
spread Islam and this was done in a systematic revelation of important aspect of SHGs. SHGs also supports livelihood
Quran to the prophet on that. For example, the prophet uses to assets, thus strengthening resilience. According to the
write to the kings of Christian kingdoms telling them about respondents, SHGs are essential tool for empowering
Islam as the true religion others have accepted i.e. the Oman marginalized parts of the study area population.
empires while the roman refused and later faced by combat
Mujahiden (foreign fighters) as per instructions from the This study also found out that, the communities engage
prophet that the adversaries are given date, where and the in training members to enhance economic resilience by
numbers of soldiers who will fight them. (Prior Knowledge) is strengthening capacities within and beyond financial
given to the enemy which is a major requisite for Jihadism capabilities. Credit alone is not sufficient. Therefore, there was
which Alshabaab are not confirming to it. Secondly, that Jihad needs to take cognisance of financial management and specific
can only be directed by one Imam or Muslim leader who technical skills such as livestock rearing.
authorizes Jihad but in the current Muslim worlds there is no
one Muslim leader (or Imam). Thirdly, there should be some Though this research demonstrates that SHGs can
justifiable reason that compel or call for Jihad, which there is enhance economic power, the evidence that it can effectively
no such reason in the contemporary world. (Sheikh Issack contribute to social and human dimensions of livelihood and
chairman of imams in Garissa County) resilience still remains fragmentary and elusive. Additionally,

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Volume 3, Issue 10, October – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
albeit SHGs can promote and accelerate economic some individuals were reported of exhibiting a violent-bent
empowerment, they can be undermined by weak management, mind. Thus, the notion that reintegration is a dynamic system,
constant retaliatory attacks from Al-Shabaab insurgency as which depends on the context in which it is applied and
well as by lack of transparency. involves overtime, is fundamental to the whole reintegration
process.
 De-radicalization of radicalized youths and Integration
A majority of the respondents said that the local De-radicalization, according to Kundnani (2009), refers
community was not contributing as expected to the re- to a substantive change in a person’s mind-set, so that they no
integration of formally radicalized individuals back into the longer hold radical ideologies or beliefs and in turn, no longer
society. This was represented by 230 (57.1%) of the engage in terrorist related activities due to that change in
respondents. Conversely, 154 (40 %) of the respondents beliefs which would help in re-integration process. However,
agreed that the local community is playing an integral role in Bjorgo (2009) identifies that there are both ‘push’ and ‘pull’
re-integrating the formally radicalized individuals back to the factors that are equally important in the decision for a terrorist
society. The County government of Garissa was perceived to to leave their terrorist group. Pull factors regard positive
be doing little in sensitizing the local community in the re- motivators from outside the group influencing the individual.
integration process. They may become intimately attached to someone from
outside the group, for example, or they may be drawn away
The role of the community cannot be underestimated in from the group to pursue a new career. Push factors can
re-integration process. This is because terrorism evolves into typically be seen a negative motivators, such as the individual
other uncharacteristic ways and can potentially lead back the becoming disillusioned with the ideologies of the group, or
formally radicalized individuals into radicalization. Therefore fearing lack of protection or retaliation. Though re-education
a strong community is vital in re-integration, rehabilitation and and rehabilitation programs are ideological, it is imperative to
prosperity. When asked why they thought the community does escalate the efforts further.
not re-integrate the formally radicalized individuals, majority
of the respondents said that the individuals have created an  Stigmatization of families of suspected terrorists
ingrained credence of appetizing opportunities from Al- The results in Figure 6.3 show that from the 384
Shabaab. respondents interviewed;177 (46 %) agreed that the local
community addresses stigmatization of families of suspected
These findings were supported by response from one of terrorists while 207 (54%) disagreed and said that the local
the formally radicalized youth. When asked why community’s community does little in addressing stigma cases among the
effort towards re-integration was mooching, this is what he families of suspected terrorists. Stigmatization of families of
had to say: suspected terrorists was therefore a major concern of the
respondents. They also indicated that the County as well as the
I was attracted to join terrorist/ Al-shabaab for economic national government has not empowered the local community
gain. They are offered good remuneration of about 500 USD to address cases of stigma among the stigmatized families.
per month for the first three months, however, salary was
delayed later due to financial constraints emanating from The human cost of terror activities has been virtually felt
constant offensive attacks from Amisom troops and reduction in every corner of the globe and Garissa County has not been
of contraband goods this forced Alshabaab to resort to forceful spared. Families suffer from shock and stress when they learn
collection zakat from pastoralist living along the border and that their children, relatives and friends are engaged in
those under the area of their control. We were also radicalised terrorism in the name of religion. In this lens, certain aspects
to fight the infidels (Kufar) and advocate the rights of of consideration come to the fore. The right to life of
Muslims in Northern Kenya and coast regions where suspected terrorists, incessant torture, profiling and principle
prominent Muslims clerics were killed by Kenyan security of non-discrimination plays a critical role in addressing
agency this on the other hand motivated us to join terrorist stigmatization .Families need to be protected .In the same
.When we came we rescinded our support for Al-Shabaab and vein, data protection and surveillance and right to privacy of
came back we met strong opposition because we are perceived families linked to suspected terrorist is vital.
as betrayers. This affected us in being accepted back in the
community. (Radicalised youths Respondent One – Social Exclusion Unit of the UK government (2016) in
20/5/2018) particular, alludes to the histories of social exclusion that
many terrorist suspect have suffered prior to, and as a result,
This study found out that reintegration of formally of their incarceration.). Schneider (2015) referring to activities
radicalized individuals is not enough as there are several of Boko Haram, argues that, stigmatization, a form of social
factors such as stigmatization and criminogenic environments exclusion, can emanate from discrimination, marginalization,
that seriously undermine reintegration. Furthermore, de- unemployment, lack of education. This assertion is in tandem
radicalization is fundamentally a psychological and cognitive with the fact that the local population has not been empowered
process, where individuals go through fundamental change. socially and economically. When these aspects play out, then
However, de-radicalization is not akin to disengagement since the terror suspects who come back to the society are looked at

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
with disdain. While addressing the case of Pakistan religious [5]. Botha, A. (2013). Assessing the vulnerability of Kenyan
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