Volume 3, Issue 9, October – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Consequences of Hot Air and/or γ - Rays on Hair

Hygiene Post the Application of Protein Conditioner
in Rats: Urea, Creatinine, Scanning Electron
Microscope and Fourier Transform Infrared Analyses
Eskander, S.B., Ezz El Arab, A., Abdel-Gawad, E. I.
Radioisotopes Department- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority
Giza- Egypt

Abstract: Due to the vast growth in the usage of hair Keywords:- Hair conditioner, hot air, γ- rays, urea,
care products, proper evaluation of hair damage is creatinine, FT-IR, SEM.
essential for considering the impact of cosmetics or
devices used on human health. The objective of the I. INTRODUCTION
submitted work was to assess the effect of hot air and/ or
gamma irradiation following the application of a protein Chemical and physical properties of human hair are
conditioner on the urea, creatinine and hair health. the subject of a remarkably wide range of scientific
Forty eight albino rats were employed in this work, half investigations due to their importance to the biomedical,
of them were females and the other half was males. The cosmetics industry and forensic sciences. [1]. During the
animals were divided into eight groups, each of six, three course of criminal investigations, the identification and
of them were males. Rats in group I were fed free on comparison of human and animal hairs can be helpful in
normal food and water (control group). Animals in demonstrating physical contact with a suspect, victim, and
groups II, III &IV were rubbed with protein for once, crime scene. [2].
twice and three times, respectively, every so often was It is well known that human hair and all other
separated by one week duration. Following each mammalian hair fibers belong to a group of fibrous protein,
treatment, the rubbed area was exposed to hot air from a known as α- keratin (90%), and a small amount of lipid (1–
blow dryer (95οC) for one minute. Rats in groups V, VI 9%). [3] The principle protein component of hair is the
&VII were tracked the same previous treatment exactly, cysteine rich keratin, which is composed of 18 amino acids
and a week later, they exposed to 10Grays (Gy) single and assembled into heavily melanized fibers that form up to
dose whole body gamma irradiation. While, for animals 95% of hair fiber volume. These protein components and
in group VIII, after applying the protein conditioner, structural organization of keratin contribute to most of the
they were exposed to10 Gy γ-irradiation without hot air. characteristic properties of hair. [4].The hair shaft of
One week post-irradiation, rats in all groups were mammals is divided into three main regions: cuticle, cortex
anesthetized and blood samples were collected and and medulla. [5]. Cosmetic chemical treatment processes
serum was separated for urea and creatinine analyses. affect the chemical structure of α- keratin fibres via targeted
Then, the hairs cut from the protein applying area and the bonds that provide stability to the fiber. However, there
subjected to Scanning Electron Microscope examination are two main ways for a substance to penetrate the hair fiber
(SEM) in addition to Fourier Transform Infrared depending on the size of the molecule, trans cellular and
spectrometry (FT‐IR). The obtained data illustrated that intercellular diffusion. Trans cellular diffusion involves
urea and creatinine concentrations were increased epicuticle, A-layer, exocuticle, endocuticle and is much
significantly in both female and male treated groups as harder path way because of the high cross-linked regions.
compared to the controls .On the other hand, hair Intercellular diffusion involves the intercellular cement, and
density decreased, and alopecia was induced specially, it is the preferred route for large molecules because the low-
the animals received protein conditioner plus heat and sulphur and non-keratin proteins are more easily swollen.
irradiation three times. As indicated, for hair damaged [6].The important linkages between adjacent keratin chains
by hot air, in most cases, the amino acids of the cuticle is the disulfide bond (-S-S-) that through breaking and
are altered. The hair was very susceptible to chemical reforming of these bonds hair can be reshaped. [7]. In
changes as a result of exposure to hot air and /or γ- contrast to skin or other cells in the body, hair fiber does not
radiation. In conclusion, there is no protein -based possess its own biological protective and repairing
conditioner hair smoothing product that can be mechanisms against the impact of environmental effects.
considered completely safe. It is worth to state that, it’s [8].
time to give serious considerations for stopping these
treatments using the available protein products. Even if Cosmetic hair conditioner consists, mainly, of cationic
there is not noticed any negative effects as yet, it doesn’t surfactants, fatty alcohols, silicones and water in addition to
mean that human is immune but cumulative exposure set of amino acids. The chemical effect of conditioner is
can increases the risk. based mainly on cationic surfactants. At one end of every
cationic surfactant molecule is a positive charge that binds

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Volume 3, Issue 9, October – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
to the negative charge of a hair strand, primarily through published by The National Academies Press, 2101
Van der Waals attractions. [9]. The attraction is so strong Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20055, USA) . This
that the surfactants completely surround the strand and cover guide was approved by the Ethical Committee at National
the cuticle flakes, like a customized hair envelope. [10]. Center for Radiation Research, Egyptian Atomic Energy
Authority, Cairo, Egypt (NCRR- EAEA).The study was
All protein conditioners contain formaldehyde and/or carried out on forty eight adult albino rats (weighting
formaldehyde-producing ingredients including formalin, 200±10 gm),one half was females and the other was males.
methilene glycol, glyoxylic acid and others. These The animals were supplied by the Laboratory of Animal
ingredients turn into formaldehyde when they break down House, Nuclear Research Centre (NRC), Egyptian Atomic
during the heat application. Exposure to formaldehyde can Energy Authority. They were housed under conventional
cause irritation of the skin but, there is valuable data support conditions on sawdust (free of toxic compounds). The mean
a link between long- term of formaldehyde exposure and the ambient temperature in the housing facility was 28ºC (range
development of leukemia. [11]. 26 – 32ºC), and the mean relative humidity was 60% (range
from 50 – 70 %) with 12 hours light: 12 hours dark cycle.
The present work is a trail to manifest the hazards The animals were freely fed on a normal rodent pallets diet
effect of using protein conditioners on hair hygiene, urea and clean water offered by ad-libitum throughout the whole
and creatinine under exposure to hot air and/or γ- irradiation. experimental period. They were divided into eight groups,
SEM and FT-IR tools were performed to follow the each of three males besides equal number of females. The
impacted damages due to one of the mostly used protein animals groups were subjected to the various treatments
conditioner in Egypt. according to the table 1.
II. METHODOLOGY B. Treatment
About half gram of a first grade imported protein
A. Animals groups conditioner, supplied by local market, was applied on ≈
The study was conducted in accordance with the guide 3x3cm rat's dorsal area and rubbed for nearly 3 min. At end
lines set by the CIOHS & ICLAS International Guiding of the application time, the massaged place was exposed to
Principles for Biomedical Research involving animals, hot dry air, from a blow dryer, for an additional one minute.
Measured temperature at the rubbed spot was about 95 ºC.
Group Description
Animals were placed in ventilated metal containers before
Group I Negative control .Rats were fed on normal subjecting to whole-body γ- radiation.
food and water.
C. Hair and Blood samples collection
Animals were subjected to single treatment
One week later, posts to the all planed treatments were
Group II with protein conditioner followed by hot air.
performed, rats were anesthetized by diethyl ether and blood
Rats in this group were treated with the hair samples were drawn from the retro-orbital venous plexus in
Group conditioner and hot air twice separated by a glass tubes. Hair samples were cut from the treated spot and
III week duration. sent to spectroscopic examinations. The blood samples were
Rats in this group were treated with the hair collected and transferred into cold tubes and centrifuged for
Group conditioner and hot air three times separated 10 minutes at 3000 rpm. The sera were separated and frosted
IV by a week duration. in deep freezer at -20 ºC ready to be subjected for urea and
Animals were subjected to single treatment creatinine analysis.
Group V with protein conditioner followed by hot air D. Scanning Electron Microscope Examinations (SEM)
then, after one week, to10 Gy single dose γ- The hair fibers before and after the various treatments
irradiation were sputtered with gold and the fine structures of the films
Rats in this group were subjected to twice was observed using High Resolution Transmission Electron
Group treatments with protein conditioner followed Microscope (HRTEM) SEM-Quanta FEG-250, Holland and
VI by hot air separated by week duration. After an imaged at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV.
additional week, rats were received 10 Gy
single dose γ-irradiation. E. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
Animals were subjected to three treatments FT-IR spectra were obtained for hair by Nicolet™
Group with protein conditioner followed by hot air iS™ 10 FT-IR Spectrometer, USA. The pressed pellets
VII separated by week duration. After an were made by mixing hair and Potassium bromide (KBr) at
additional week, received 10 Gy single dose an approximate ratio of 1:100 hairs to KBr. The mixture was
γ-irradiation. ground vigorously in order to make the hair pieces smaller
Animals included in the group were only and ensure uniform distribution. Exposure to the atmosphere
Group exposed to the 10 Gy single dose directly post was avoided as much as possible to prevent water absorbing
VIII conditioner application for one time. to the pellet. Spectra of the prepared plate were obtained in
Table 1. Design of the animal groups the transmission mode. They were obtained in mid IR region
range (400–4000 cm−1).
2012, which are in accordance with the Guide for the
Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. (Eighth Edition, 2011, F. Biochemical Analyses

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
Urea and creatinine were measured in serum by kinetic
and fixed endpoint method using commercially available
kits according to the techniques of Orsonneau et.al, [12] and
Fossati, et.al, [13], respectively

III. RESULTS

A. Morphological features hair post various treatments

Figure (1) illustrated pair of photographs for the
treated dorsal spots in rats' dedicated well defined alterations
in hair hygiene after the various treatments post application
of protein conditioner. Such changes in hair features
increased with the repetition of the treatments and
applications, where the hair was ungroom, fig.1 (a) and its
density had decreased, fig.1 (b), accompanied with alopecia.
Fig.1 (c &d).

B. Concentrations of serum urea and creatinine under

various treatments
It is clear from Table (2) that, there are significant
increases in male rats' serum urea contents by repeated
applications of conditioner to record 56 ± 0.58 mg/dl after
three times of conditioner application followed by hot air
each time and 10 Gy single dose gamma irradiation post the
d
last treatment (Group VII). This elevation was computed by
more than 37 % compared to control group. Also, raises in
creatinine serum contents were manifested to account 0.59 ± Fig 1:- Photographs for the treated dorsal spots in rats post
0.006 mg /dl for the same group, i.e. Group VII, with nearly various treatments
60% increase relative to the control one.
Petal-like scales are triangular in shape and projecting
For females, the same trends were disclosed, where from the hair shaft. (Fig 3).
urea and creatinine contents in serum increased with time
after time treatments and the Group VII showed the highest Figure (4) illustrated the impact of hot air and /or
concentration compared to the other groups. Table (2). gamma irradiation post protein conditioner appliaction on
Therefore, post the three times application of the protein hairs of rats in various groups. Reapeted treatments caused
conditioner and hot air followed by single dose of γ-rays, severe cuticle damage. The hair fiber surface showed cuticle
urea and creatinine contents recorded 34.6 mg/dl and 0.566 disintegration with missing cuticle pieces and jagged cuticle
gm/dl, respectively. layers, fig.4 (a-d), associated shafts frizzing, fig.4 (e &f),
with fusions of some cuticle cells, fig. 4(g), and hair
However, it is worth to mention that , for male and dryness.Fig.4 (h).
female rats , the animals exposed only to 10 Gy single dose
gamma irradiation post the one time conditioner application D. FT-IR Spectroscopy
,namely, Group VIII, showed urea and creatinine contents FT-IF spectroscopy had been used to follow the
greater than the groups that not irradiated ( Groups chemical damage of individual hair fibers by comparing the
II,II&IV) but less than the groups that irradiated after hot air spectra obtained for a normal untreated hair and hairs that
application ( Groups V,VI & VII). .Table (2). had been subjected to the different treatments.
It is obvious from Fig (2) that, there were no significant The FT-IR spectrogram for hair from untreated
differences in urea contents [A] or creatinine concentrations animals, Fig (5), showed peaks at the vicinity 3277 cm-1-
[B] for males or females animals under various treatment 3050 cm-1 ( multiple broad band's ), 2917 cm-1, 2825cm-
conditions. 1.These
C. SEM Examinations
Rats' hair in control group showed undamaged fibers.
The surface of the hair is smooth uniquely shaped with
discriminated scales and nearly spaced apart.Spinous or

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creatinine contents, mg 0.7 [A]

0.6
0.5
0.4
/dl

0.3
Male
0.2 Female
0.1
0
Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Group VI Group Group
VII VIII

70
[B]
Urea conten, mg / dl

60
50
40
30
20 Male
10 Female
0
Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Group VI Group Group
VII VIII

Fig 2:- Serum contents of urea [A] and creatinine [B] in male and female rats in different groups.

Groups Male Female

Urea (mg/ dL) Creatinine (mg/ dL) Urea (mg/ dL) Creatinine (mg/ dL)
a a a
Group I 35.00 ± 0.58 0.26 ± 0.01 35.67 ± 0.33 0.29a± 0.01
Group II 38.67a ± 0.33 0.32a± 0.01 39.67a ± 0.88 0.32a± 0.01
10.3 % 18.8% 10.0% 9.4%
Group III 40.67± 0.67 0.36± 0.01 41.67± 0.88 0.35± 0.01
14.6% 27.8% 14.3% 17.1%
Group IV 46.00± 0.58 0.48± 0.01 43.33± 0.33 0.39± 0.02
23.9% 45.8% 16.3% 25.6%
Group V 50.67± 0.67 0.48± 0.011 50.33± 0.88 0.51± 0.01
31.4% 45.8% 28.0% 43.1%
Group VI 51.00± 0.58 0.52± 0.01 52.00± 0.01 0.55± 0.01
31.4% 50.0% 30.8% 47.3%
Group VII 56.00± 0.58 0.59± 0.01 54.67± 0. 33 0.57± 0.01
37.5% 55.9% 34.6% 49.1%
Group VIII 47.00± 0.58 0.45± 0.003 48.67± 0.67 0.48± 0.006
25.5% 42.2% 26.5% 39.6%
Table 2. The Variations in urea and creatinine concentrations of rats' seraunder various treatment conditions

Values represent means ± S.E.

Values bearing different superscript in the same raw are statistically significant.
The percentage values calculated relative to the control ones in each group .

 Group I: control group.

 Group II: rats exposed to one time protein conditioner application followed by hot air.
 Group III: rats exposed to two times protein conditioner application followed by hot air.
 Group IV: rats exposed to three times protein conditioner application followed by hot air.
 Group V: rats exposed to one time protein conditioner application followed by hot air then single dose γ-rays.

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 Group VI: rats exposed to two times protein conditioner application followed by hot air then single dose γ-rays.
 Group VII: rats exposed to three times protein conditioner application followed by hot air then single dose γ-rays.
 Group VIII: rats exposed to one time protein conditioner application followed by single dose γ-rays.

bands can be attributed to stretching vibration of N-H in generated from the skin under the stress of hot air
amide A; asymmetric and symmetric vibrations of CH2, and/or high dose of irradiation. It should be stated that, the
respectively . The band near 1637 cm-1 can be due to serum contents of urea and creatinine can be used as
stretching vibration of C= O in Amide I, while the broad relatively simple method to estimate chemical induced blood
band assigned at 1550-1500 cm-1 can be refer to stretching flow changes in human skin.[16]. This is in agreement with
vibration of CH and bending of NH in amide II. Peaks the data of Zararsiz et al., [17] and Kunak et al. [18], who
near 532 , 1080, 1229, 1397, and 1449 cm-1, can be reported that strongly, suggested impaired in kidney
consign to : out-of-plane CO bending ; S-S bonding, CN function due to the exposed to the formaldehyde of the
stretching and NH bending in amide III ; CH3 bending and protein conditioner which penetrate the skin and affect more
CH2 vibrations , respectively. IR bands arising from the S–H than one organ in the body. Zararsiz et al., [17, 19], Zararsiz
stretching mode of cysteine residues usually occurs between et al., and Dorairajan [20] were confirmed this fact as they
2520 and 2600 cm-1, but the strong hydrogen bonding reported that formaldehyde caused oxidative injury by
between an S–H group and a peptide carbonyl leads to a impairing anti-oxidant defiance mechanisms in the kidneys
shift of this corresponding IR band to lower frequencies which indicated by decrease in glutathione peroxidase and
,namely, near 2350 cm-1 .Fig (5) .[14]. The differences in the superoxide dismutase activities and increase in
FT- IR spectra for the rats' hair post the various treatments malonaldialdehyde (MDA) levels. According to the results
showed an appearance of new peaks at vicinity 3850-3300, obtained, there was an increase in serum urea in animals
2360-2340 and near 1175 cm-1. These peaks can refer to the exposed to the one of the ingredients of protein conditioner,
O-H bonded to water, O-H and NH3+ stretching, in addition namely, formaldehyde. This is in agreement with the data of
to cysteic acid formed by oxidation of cystine, respectively. Ramos et. al., [21], who reported that, oxidation of
On the other hand, the peak at 1080 cm-1 that attributed to formaldehyde to formic acid, is catalyzed by various
sulphur - oxygen bonding was disappeared. Table (3). enzymes such as NAD-dependent dehydrogenase
formaldehyde, xanthine oxidase catalase and peroxidase.
IV. DISCUSSION Increased in serum levels of creatinine, also, strongly
suggested impaired in kidney function due to the exposed to
In contrast to skin or other cells in the body, hair fiber the formaldehyde of the protein conditioner, [18], which
does not possess its own biological protective and repairing penetrate the skin and affect more than one organ in the
mechanisms against the impact of environmental effects. body, as previously stated. [22]. On the other hand, İnci et
Hair is very susceptible to chemical changes that occur al., [23], attempted to elucidate the severe nephrotoxic
under the stress of heat and irradiation exposure,[15], the effects of formaldehyde on the histopathological renal
hair – was once shiny and smooth – became frizzy, dry, tissues. He reported that application of formaldehyde
clumped and yearning for repair. impaired
Most of hair cosmetics contain significant huge
amounts of chemicals mainly, formaldehyde. In the present
study, urea and creatinine levels, which are significant
indicators for renal function, were increased among the all
treated groups. Such results were suggested that the
formaldehyde contained in protein conditioner was
penetrating the affected skin by the hot air facility and
infiltrated into blood stream promoted kidney malfunction in
addition to elevated contents in urea and creatinine that

a b c
Fig 3:- SEM micrograph for hair for rats in control group showed the normal coronal scales of rats' hair (a-c)

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e f g h
Fig 4:- SEM micrograph for hair from rats subjected to different treatments

Fig 5: FT-IR of the hair from control group (untreated rats)

Group Male Female

c Assignment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bands ,cm-1
3850-3300 - √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ OH, bonded H2O
3285 -3050 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ γ NH, amide I&II
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ γ as CH2 asym. Stretching
c√
2919
2850 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ γ s CH2, sym. Stretching
2360-2340 - √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ OH& NH3+ , Stretching
1655 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ γ C=O, amide I
1540 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ γCH2& δ NH
1450 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ δasCH3 & γCH2,
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ δs CH3
h√
1400- 1390

1240-1230 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ N-H & C-N interaction , Amide III

1174 - √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Cysteic acid, cystine oxidation
1080 √ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - S-S bonding
670 - 530 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Out-of-plane CO&NH bending
Table 3. Characteristic FT-IR bands for the rats' hair subjected to various treatments.

C: Group of control rats.

1: Group of rats exposed to one time protein conditioner followed by hot air.
2: Group of rats exposed to two times protein conditioner followed by hot air.
3: Group of rats exposed to three times protein conditioner followed by hot air.
4: Group of rats exposed to one time protein conditioner followed by hot air then single dose γ-rays.
5: Group of rats exposed to two times protein conditioner followed by hot air then single dose γ-rays.
6: Group of rats exposed to three times protein conditioner followed by hot air then single dose γ-rays.
7: Group of rats exposed to one time protein conditioner followed by single dose γ-rays.

Glomerular patterns and thickened tubular and glomerular intratubular vessels, vacuolization and dilatation in distal
basal membranes. In addition to congestion of the tubules. In another study by Zararsiz et al. al., [19] who

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found that formaldehyde application led to glomerular and et al., [27], the presence of the oxide forms of sulphur is
tubular degeneration, tubular dilatation and congestion. significant for determining the extent of oxidation, assuming
Mammalian hair fibers belong to a group of fibrous protein that oxidation of the disulfide bonds occur by way of
known as α- keratin. The identifying trait of keratin is the monoxide-to-dioxide, to full oxidation with the formation of
presence of large amounts of cysteine, a sulfur-containing cysteic acid or sulphonic acid. A broad hydroxyl and NH
amino acid, which is occupying about 14-24 percent multiple peaks (3850-3050 cm-1; and near) due to water in
cysteine [4, 10]. Keratin protein chains are very complex addition to primary amine is clearly observed for all the
due to the multiplicity of the cross-linked protein molecules. treated samples. New additional sharp peaks appear at
One of the most important linkages between adjacent keratin vicinity of 2360-2340 cm-1. Both alterations may be due to
chains is the disulfide bond (-S-S-) that makes the keratin the breaking of amino acid chains caused by various
very stable and extremely resistant to biological and treatments. The excitation energy of tryptophan aromatic
chemical degradation. [7].On the other hand, keratin is very residue disrupts a neighboring disulfide bridge, which in
reactive, as cystine can easily be reduced, oxidized, and turn leads to altered structural integrity and stability. The
hydrolyzed. [4]. In the present study, SEM topography disruption of S-S cross links in hair induced by radiation
examination demonstrated that, thermal treatment causes may occur not only with SH groups as an end product, but
severe cuticle damage. The hair fiber surface showed cuticle rather through the oxidation leading to the formation of
disintegration with missing cuticle pieces and jagged cuticle cysteic acid, CySO3 H. The oxidation of cystine can be
layers. Also, there was a fusion of some cuticle cells, hair proposed as follows:
shafts frizzing and dry. Cosmetic chemical treatment O O
processes affect the structural chemistry of α- keratin fibres ║ ║
by targeting the bonds that provide stability to the R−S−S−R → R−S−S−R → R−S−S−R → R SO3 H
fibre.Also,various abnormalities in the hair and hair follicles ║
caused by heat and irradiation have been reported to be O
associated with structural re-arrangement and chemical Cysteine cystine monoxide cystine dioxide cystic acid
modification in hair keratin. The hair appearance depends on Where R is
the health of cuticle, when it is strong and healthy; the hair CO2 −
appears to be strong and healthy.These results are in
agreement with the study conducted by [1, 9] who suggested
that hair has been damaged and the cuticle cells distorted +
due to the frequency or repeated long term of thermal H3N
treatments as hair drier and hair iron. Also, dry hair fibres
were damaged with often use of the heat iron for short For important, several publications demonstrating that
period (10 seconds) that lead to disintegration, cracking and biological effect of UV-radiation in dose range 10 - 20 J/m2
scale edge fusion of the surface cuticle cell . Miranda -Vilale can be significantly more damaging than of 7 or 10 Gy
et.al., [24], illustrated this criteria in his report that closed gamma irradiation. [8, 28].
cuticle acts as protective shield against harmful
environmental elements, but when cuticle scale are raised, V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
substances can be deposited in their structure causing harms The overall conclusions were that permanent
to the hair.Once the cuticle is damaged, hair breaks easily application of protein conditioner is highly destructive. The
since there is no protection for the cortex. It should be oxidative damage of hair is mainly due to successive
notified that, degradation of amino acids such as tryptophan, treatment and environmental exposure. The prolong
are known to occur from sun exposure also. [25]. Hair exposure to the chemical ingredients in conditioners present
damage due to thermal treatments has been researched, since a risk of developing cancer including blood cancer.
hair dryers and hair irons are frequently used to dry hair or
to set up hair styles. [1]. Palma et. al., [4], reported that, hair Without others worthy to be counted, the most
damage was dose-dependent for exposures between 0 and favourable rout for improving the hair health and keeping it
10.0 Gy. Hair is very susceptible to chemical changes that naturally shining, is through the blood stream. Incorporating
occur with exposure to gamma radiation. γ -rays can cleave the man's diet with high level of natural amino acids and
the disulfide bonds and decomposes tryptophan in hair. The supportive nutrients, every day for adequate periods, hair,
numerous disulfide bonds formed by cystine are responsible will generally recover its shiner, brightness and healthy
for the great stability of keratin. On the other hand, keratin is without application of any artificial protein conditioner.
very reactive, as cystine can easily be reduced, oxidized, and Authors hope to consider going the natural route, which may
hydrolyzed. [4]. Therefore, it is assumed that, the require a little more effort, but it well knows that hair will
application of protein conditioner followed by hot air and/or look better minus the serious short- and long-term damage
gamma irradiation treatments have potential impact on the to hair and health.
rats' hair.
REFERENCES

The transmission of the bands at 1175 cm-1 is indicative of [1]. Fujii, T. (2012).Hair keratin film as a substitute device
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the asymmetric S=O stretch. [26]. According to Cardamone

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[2]. Deedrick, D. W., Koch, S.L. (2004) .Microscopy of Subcellular Biochemistry 73. Springer Science +
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3. S., Ozan, E. (2007). Protective Effect of Melatonin
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Mazotto, A.M., Zingali, R. B., de Souza, E. P. , Rats. Toxicol Ind Health. 23:573–9.
Vermelho, A. B. (2013). Feather keratin hydrolysates [18]. Kunak, C.S., Ugar, R.A., Cadirici, E., Karakus, E.,
obtained from microbial keratinases: effect on hair Polat, B., Harun, U.N., Halici, Z., Saritemur, M.,
fiber. BMC Biotechnology, 13:15. Atmaca, H.T., Karaman, A. (2016). Nephroprotative
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