To create awareness about Generics treatment and make it available worldwide. My Aim is to raise awareness about hepatitis c treatment and generic. Visit here: http://anandmedicos.com/
2. WHAT IS HEPATITIS?
• “Hepatitis” means inflammation of the liver
• Can be caused by:
• Genetic diseases
• Medications (including over-the-counter)
• Alcohol
• Hepatitis viruses (A,B,C,D,E)
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3. HEPATITIS C
▪ Identified in 1989
▪ Blood test became available in 1992
▪ Used to be known as “non-A, non-B”
hepatitis
▪ Spread through blood-to- blood contact
▪ No vaccine available to prevent
hepatitis C
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5. HEPATITIS C - A GLOBAL INFECTION
• About 3 million Americans infected
• About 170 million infected worldwide
• Many do not experience symptoms
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6. SOURCES OF INFECTION FOR PERSONS WITH
HEPATITIS C
Sexual 15%
Other* 5%
Unknown 10%
Injecting drug use 60%
Transfusion 10%
(before screening)
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7. • Hepatitis C is a contagious liver disease
that results from infection with the
Hepatitis C virus. It can range in severity
from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to
a serious, lifelong illness. Hepatitis C is
usually spread when blood from a person
infected with the Hepatitis C virus enters
the body of someone who is not infected
WHAT IS HEPATITIS C
INFECTION
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8. HEPATITIS C - EPIDEMIOLOGY
Before 1985 1999
Illegal Drug Use
Transfusion
Sexual
Other
Unknown
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11. WHAT HAPPENS TO PEOPLE WITH
HEPATITIS C VIRUS?
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Infected With Hepatitis C
100
15
No Chronic Disease
Chronic Disease
85
Cirrhosis
17
2
Liver Cancer
12. CHRONIC HEPATITIS C
FACTORS PROMOTING PROGRESSION OR SEVERITY
• Increased alcohol intake
• Age > 40 years at time of infection
• HIV co-infection ? Other
• Male gender
• Other co-infections (e.g., HBV)
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13. ALCOHOL MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR FOR PROGRESS
OF DISEASE
Drinker Without Hepatitis C
Drinker With Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C Non-Drinker
Chance Of Getting
Cirrhosis
Non-Drinker
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14. HEPATITIS C CAN PRESENT AS ACUTE OR
CHRONIC INFECTION
• Hepatitis C can be either “acute” or
“chronic.” Acute Hepatitis C virus infection
is a short-term illness that occurs within
the first 6 months after someone is
exposed to the Hepatitis C virus. For most
people, acute infection leads to chronic
infection. Chronic Hepatitis C is a serious
disease than can result in long-term health
problems, or even death.
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15. TRANSMISSION / EXPOSURE
• Hepatitis C is spread when blood from a person infected with the Hepatitis C
virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. Today, most people
become infected with the Hepatitis C virus by sharing needles or other
equipment to inject drugs. Before 1992, when widespread screening of the blood
supply began in the United States, Hepatitis C was also commonly spread
through blood transfusions and organ transplants.
• People can become infected with the Hepatitis C virus during such activities as
Sharing needles, syringes, or other equipment to inject drugs Needle stick
injuries in health care settings
• Being born to a mother who has Hepatitis C
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16. LESS COMMONLY TRANSMITTED THROUGH …
• Less commonly, a person can also
get Hepatitis C virus infection
through Sharing personal care items
that may have come in contact with
another person’s blood, such as
razors or toothbrushes
• Having sexual contact with a person
infected with the Hepatitis C virus
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17. WHO SHOULD BE TESTED FOR HEPATITIS C ?
▪ People with risk factors for hepatitis C
▪ Those who wish to be tested
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18. • You are a current or former injection drug user, even if you injected
only one time or many years ago.
• You were treated for a blood clotting problem before 1987.
• You received a blood transfusion or organ transplant before July 1992.
• You are on long-term hemodialysis treatment.
• You have abnormal liver tests or liver disease.
• You work in health care or public safety and were exposed to blood
through a needle stick or other sharp object injury.
• You are infected with HIV.
WHO SHOULD BE TESTED FOR HEPATITIS C ?
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19. HCV TESTING ROUTINELY RECOMMENDED
Based on increased risk for infection
• Ever injected illegal drugs
• Received clotting factors made before 1987
• Received blood/organs before July 1992
• Ever on chronic hemodialysis
• Evidence of liver disease
• Healthcare, emergency, public safety workers after needle
stick/mucosal exposures to HCV-positive blood
• Children born to HCV-positive women
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20. ROUTINE HCV TESTING NOT RECOMMENDED
(UNLESS RISK FACTOR IDENTIFIED)
• Health-care, emergency medical,
and public safety workers
• Pregnant women
• Household (non-sexual) contacts of
HCV-positive persons
• General population
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21. HCV INFECTION TESTING ALGORITHM
FOR DIAGNOSIS OF ASYMPTOMATIC PERSONS
EIA for Anti-HCV
Negative
(non-reactive)
STOP
Positive (repeat reactive)
OR
RIBA for Anti-HCV RT-PCR for HCV RNA
Negative
STOP
Additional Laboratory
Evaluation (e.g. PCR, ALT)
Negative PositiveIndeterminate
Medical
Evaluation
Positive
Negative PCR,
Normal ALT
Positive PCR,
Abnormal ALT
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22. HOW IS HEPATITIS C DIAGNOSED?
• Blood testing
1. Hepatitis C antibody test
2. Hepatitis C PCR test to find
virus in blood
• Liver function tests
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23. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
• Serologic tests to detect HCV antibodies:
- enzyme immunoassay (EIA). False negative in pts on HD,
immunodeficiency; false positive in autoimmune disorder.
- recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA)
• Target amplification technique to detect HCV RNA (molecular assay)
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A positive test confirms HCV
infection.
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24. CURRENTLY PERFORMED TESTES FOR
HEPATITIS C INFECTION
• Currently, the second-generation enzyme
immunoassay (EIA-2) for antibodies to HCV
(anti-HCV) is the most practical screening test
for HCV infection. The diagnosis of HCV
infection can be supported or confirmed by the
recombinant immunoblots assay (RIBA) or
tests for HCV RNA. RIBA detects antibodies to
individual HCV antigens and confers
increased specificity compared to EIA-2.
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25. MOLECULAR METHODS IN DIAGNOSIS OF
HEPATITIS C INFECTION
• Qualitative reverse transcription-
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
assays for HCV RNA are simpler
than quantitative tests and sufficient
for confirmation of the diagnosis of
HCV infection.
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26. ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE
• Serum ALT testing is inexpensive and noninvasive.
• Insensitive means of monitoring disease activity.
• A single determination gives limited information, and serial measurements
recommended.
• Weak association between the degree of ALT elevation and severity of
histopathological findings on liver biopsy.
• Resolution of ALT elevation with antiviral therapy appears to indicate
disease response.
27. Serologic Pattern of Acute HCV Infection
with Recovery
Symptoms +/-
Time after Exposure
Titer
anti-HCV
ALT
Normal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
YearsMonths
HCV RNA
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28. Serologic Pattern of Acute HCV Infection with
Progression to Chronic Infection
Symptoms +/-
Time after Exposure
Titer
anti-HCV
ALT
Normal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
YearsMonths
HCV RNA
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29. LIVER BIOPSY
• Provides useful information about the degree
of fibrosis in HCV infected patients. This
information is important in management
decisions.
• Is not used for diagnosis of HCV infection.
• Used for assessment of severity of
inflammation, presence of fibrosis, evaluate
possible concomitant disease processes,
assess therapeutic intervention.
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30. LIVER HISTOLOGY
• Activity (necro-inflammation) – severity and
progress. May fluctuate with disease
activity or therapeutic intervention.
• Fibrosis implies possible progression to
cirrhosis. In mild cases, is limited to portal
and periportal area. More advanced
changes defined by ‘bridging fibrosis’.
• Cirrhosis
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31. DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF INFECTED PATIENTS
• In summary, the diagnostic algorithm of
Hepatitis C depends on the clinical
context. In asymptomatic, low-risk
subjects, who are found to be anti-HCV-
positive by EIA-2, the diagnosis of HCV
infection needs to be confirmed,
especially if the initial biochemical tests
reveal normal ALT levels.
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32. CAN WE PREVENT HEPATITIS C INFECTION
• There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C.
The best way to prevent Hepatitis C
is by avoiding behaviors that can
spread the disease, especially
injection drug use.
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Many things can cause hepatitis.
With hepatitis C you need to be careful not to do anything that will irritate your liver
With hepatitis the liver enzymes are usually elevated and the liver can become enlarged
Important to stress the fact that HCV does not always have symptoms. Can feel healthy for 10-20 or more years before developing symptoms. Patient can be asymptomatic but have hepatitis C.
Symptoms are often very mild, but liver damage can occur without symptoms.
No vaccine is available for hepatitis C, but researchers are working hard. The virus mutates quickly making it difficult to make a vaccine.
4 times more common than HIV
Fewer people are transmitting HCV now compared to 20-30 years ago.
About 30,000 more become infected each year
Hepatitis C infection has major epidemic implications due to the natural history of the infection. Unlike Hepatitis B infections, where a small proportion of cases go on to chronic infection and thus, infectious states, the majority of Hepatitis C infections progress to chronic states. HCV viral loads do not correlate well with disease progression in the liver, however. Of those chronically infected, progression to liver disease (fibrosis) usually occurs in about 10 years, with progression to cirrhosis after about 20 years (hepatocellular carcinoma generally develops in a small percentage after about 30 years).
REFERNCES
Seeff LB. “Natural history of hepatitis C.” American Journal of Medicine 1999; 107(6B): 10S-15S.
Tong MJ, El-Farra NS, Reikes AR, Co RL. “Clinical outcomes after transfusion-associated hepatitis C.” New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 332: 1463-1466.
Chronic disease means that the person will carry the virus in their blood long-term.
No chronic disease means that the person will not carry the virus in their blood long-term, but will still have the antibodies in their blood.
To read the above graph in black and white:
The first bullet ‘non-drinker’ corresponds to the smallest circle. As you go down the list of bullets the circles get bigger with ‘hepatitis C drinker’ being the largest circle.
Alcohol is a direct poison to your liver. It prevents your body from absorbing certain vitamins that it needs to work properly. It can also make your hepatitis C medicine less effective. Alcohol damages your liver even when you are healthy. Drinking alcohol when you have hepatitis C make the damage much worse.
14. Department of Veteran Affairs, Hepatitis C Brochure Series, If You Have Hepatitis C Infection, http://www.va.gov/hepatitisC
What about alcohol? How much is bad? 1-3 ounces? I’ve heard that a small amount of alcohol is good for you.
At this time, we’re not sure.
Is it okay to drink non-alcoholic wines?
It’s not suggested.
In the future when I clear the HCV can I drink alcohol?
It depends on the amount of scarring in your liver.
For more information refer to reference 15 at the end of the slide set