Volume 3, Issue 6, June – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

A Survey Paper on Ontology Concepts in Semantic

Web Technology and it’s Applications
V.Anitha Dr.T.Menaka devi
Ph.D Scholar, Department of Electronics and Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu,
India. India.

Abstract:- Semantic Web is an advanced form of the “Web Service” concept was introduced in web
World Wide Web (WWW) to collect, manipulate and technology to amplify the incorporation and interoperability to
interpret the information. It is an intelligent incarnation access the information. Web services become extremely
that provides classification, identical access to the property trending in production in a small span because of its dynamic
and transforms the available information into machine nature but some authorization problems were identified [1]
readable format. To make up the information in to because of the heavy raise in numeral services with the
machine readable format, “Ontology” concept was passage of time. To solve some existing web based problems
introduced by the semantic web technology. Ontology like information filtering, confidentiality, security and
concept is approved by World Wide Web Consortium exaggeration of the context that is available in arrangement
(W3C). It is a collection of interrelated concepts of above the web, a solution “Semantic Web” base on semantic
semantic web that are modeled based on the defined finite concept was designed [2] by Tim Berners Lee. Semantic web
set of conditions in information integration and knowledge is a shared exertion by the W3C and it can be used to
management. Ontology provides solutions to some issues encourage the universal format for data. The basic concept of
like document detection, end-to-end service validation, semantic web is presented in Fig.1. It cancels vagueness from
endorsement, concealment, association, data veracity and available data format which has been constituted on the World
allocation of isolated parts of information problems. It is Wide Web.
said to be a good technique to embody the available data in
machine processable format. Implementing ontology in an
OWL (Ontology Web Language) depends on some
ontology tool support which is said to be complex and time
consuming process. Several research fellows and
development organizations have designed a number of
ontology building environments and algorithms for
different applications. A survey of various ontology
concepts, building environments, ontology designing tools
and the algorithms developed in semantic web technology
is presented in the paper which mainly concentrates on the
real time applications.

Keywords:- Semantic Web, Ontology, World Wide Web

Consortium (W3C), Web Ontology Language (OWL), Satellite
data.

I. INTRODUCTION
Fig 1:- Basic concept of Semantic Web
World Wide Web (WWW) is an information space
Semantic web allow the enclosure of the semantic
which provides the user to access and share the information
substance that describe the format in the web pages. Semantic
via internet. It consists of three standard representations
Web has proposed the idea of “Ontology” which is used to
namely Uniform Resource Locator (URL), HyperText
structure the information in to machine processable format [3].
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and HyperText Mark-up Language
The three basic categories in which the ontology concept is
(HTML). The information that is available over the web are in
subdivided are namely given as Ontology Instance (OI),
various formats like audio, video, text and image are presented
Natural Language Ontology (NLO) and Domain Ontology
in HTML. These formats presented are said to be
(DO). The ontology cloud is presented in Fig.2. Produced
individualistic in defining and forming the denotation of the
linguistic token which are acquired from natural language
context. Generally the information accessible are said to be
proclamation can be related by NLO language, the knowledge
unstructured so it is very tricky to extort and valid the
of a particular domain is represented by using DO and
information. Although some hunt engines and display scrapers
automatic object based web pages are generated by OI.
are developed they are not said to be resourceful and require
extreme physical pre-processing like crafting a schematic
concept, clearing uncooked data, physically classifying the
credentials into catalog and post processing.

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Volume 3, Issue 6, June – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
said to be an alternative for forming ontologies except there
are unique causes to use previous languages like DAML+OIL
(compatibility, etc). Observe with producing OWL ontologies
demonstrates that though OWL is very animated, in some
areas it is not expedient to use it. Occasionally we does not
depend up on the usage of all the OWLs complicated concepts.
But submission always believes that we could and try to
rationale over these thoughts.

Developers of OWL envisages the difficulty and

presented three OWL genus, these are the subsets of OWL
with diminishing perspicuity namely OWL Full, OWL DL and
OWL Lite as shown in the Venn diagrammatic representation
Fig.3. Nevertheless, there are proposals to afford easy
understandable languages than others OWL Lite, is said to be
the least animated of all the other three. This paper is
structured as follows; Section II describes about the various
ontology concepts, building environments and developed
Fig 2:- The Ontology Cloud algorithms of semantic web technology in a brief manner.
Section III presents a comparison result of the present
Constructing an ontology concept for any application is ontology development algorithms. Finally section IV
extremely challengeable research topic since it relays on concludes along with the future enhancement.
withdrawal of information from the network and processes it
to the machine readable format. RDF, OWL etc are some of II. LITERATURE SURVEY
the supporting languages used to construct ontology in order to
visibly convey semantic stuffing and organize their margins. Semantic Web is a concept introduced to improve
The developed ontologies are connected in a manner to each human to machine communication by illustrating the data in a
other such that it extracts the available concrete information. machine readable manner. Ontologies in semantic web are
Due to the enlargement of complex handing out apparatus and accompanied by documents in an ontology language [6].
large lexical possessions ontology plays a better contribution Ontology tools are worn for creating, controlling, interpreting
in the present scenario. Some concepts that are projected and and amalgamation of ontologies. They are very important for
urbanized ontology based resolution are named as Semantic developing an ontology concept or an algorithm and
Desktop [4], Semantic Security Web Services (SSWS) and implementing them in real time applications [7]. A survey of
Cultural Heritage [5]. ontology development tools is presented in this paper along
with the general ontology tools and its properties. Several
The concept of “ontology” is defined in a general development apparatus are unwrapped sources excluding Top
terminology for developers who need to distribute information Braid Composer. The development platform like Web Onto,
in that particular field/area. It encompasses some concepts in We bode and NeOn toolkit offers backup management
domain of machine interoperability and relations between functionalities whereas; SWOOP and NeOn toolkit affords
them. The reasons that why one should develop ontology versioning attributes. With the exception of OilEd and
concept is given by: OntoEdit, other tools offers atmosphere to construct ontologies
collectively. The tools like protege and NeOn grants much
 To allocate regular accepting of the formation of functionality for developing ontologies.
information among public and software perspective.
 To allow reuse of particular domain familiarity. The OWL is designed to process the content of the data
 To construct the domain supposition unambiguous. and present that information to the humans [8] for further
 To divide domain awareness from the equipped application areas. OWL achieves a better device
awareness. interpretability of network substance than that sustained by
 To investigate domain familiarity. other files like XML, RDF, and Schema (RDF-S) because it
supplies an added terminology along with a reserved
The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a W3C semantics. OWL has three gradually more significant
commendation for specifying the concepts of ontologies. This sublanguages namely: OWL Lite, OWL DL (Description
language has been considered to assist superior machine Logic), and OWL Full. A document provides the preface to
interpretability than the present and previous solutions. It OWL by relating the quality of each of the sublanguages of
presents more widespread terminology than the plain OWL proposed by Deborah L. Mc Guinness. Some basic facts
Extensible Markup Language (XML), Resource Description of RDF Schema are necessary for accepting the proposed
Framework (RDF) or RDF Schema and improved facilities for concept. More complete metaphors and widespread examples
expressing the semantics than the presented languages. OWLS on the characteristics of Web Ontology Language are also
has its heredity in DARPA Agent Markup Language + discussed in this paper.
Ontology Interchange Language (DAML+OIL) which is a
representation language, that conception, adjust and
simplified, were integrated into OWL. Presently, the OWL is

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Volume 3, Issue 6, June – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig 4:- Architecture of an ontology based data retrieval

Fig 3:- Sublanguages of OWL system

Peter.F.Patel et.al.,[9] has presented a concept of The interoperability of sensor input data and semantics
Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) that combines the of the same data are considered by Dr.Sunitha Abburu
sublanguages of web ontology language (OWL) and Rule et.al.,[11] through domain ontologies. The proposed
Markup Language (RML). It contains OWL DL and OWL methodology provides an effective technical solution by
Lite, which are the sublanguages of OWL aligned with solving some issues like semantic diverseness in the course of
unary/binary data log, which are the sublanguages of the semantic ontology. Such knowledge provides ability to
RML. This paper implements the number of OWL maxims by exchange and make use of information, capability to build
including described rules. Thus the proposed method enables knowledge through data repossession by increasing a powerful
the rules by combining them with an OWL knowledge base notion with the help of domain ontologies. The satellite data
system. A complete explanation of the OWL model theoretic semantic interoperability has been accessed by implementing a
semantics is presented in this paper in order to make available four phase methodology. This paper presents an evaluation by
a recognized significance for OWL ontologies and the rules connecting and assembling the several ontologies to turn up at
for developing. The rules projected are said to be in the a basic ontology terminology for sensor annotations. Indian
structure of an insinuation among a predecessor (stiff) and the Meteorological satellite observation data were used by this
resultant (chief). Such that every time when the state of affairs author as a distinctive model in this paper to demonstrate the
are individual in the predecessor seize, then the state of affairs proposed concepts of ontology.
specified in the resultant must be seized too.
The available sources are categorized into three
Major elements of the architecture of a data retrieval concepts namely data, information and knowledge. Each of
system is presented by Jose A. Piedra et.al., [10]. With the their formats differs from the other where the structure of
intention of achieving a supple and active image retrieval knowledge is said to be highly complex to design than the
system, this architecture has been designed which incorporates other two. Due its complex structure it is difficult to design the
web equipments with new sample pattern detection systems knowledge management concept for traditional information
functional to satellite images [PGC05] as shown in Fig.4. and hard to achieve a common structure for capturing the
More efficiently the picture, sensor and satellite characteristics particular data from the mixed data sources. The basic
can be imported/exported and updated. The algorithms elements of knowledge resource in the semantic web are
developed and the architectures implemented can also be presented in Fig.5. Ontology is the best semantic technology to
imported/exported and advanced/enhanced from the represent knowledge. It provides uniform data structure for the
organization. To make the proposed system capable of knowledge acquired from mixed data structure.
importing/exporting facilities it has to be furnished with the
development methodologies for data and knowledge exchange. It enables the sharing of knowledge within and out of the
Well known web technologies such as XML [W3C07] are organizations [12] and also supports music applications [13].
used for data switch over, and the web ontology Language is Ontology provides a supportive platform for integration of
used for knowledge switch over. related knowledge sources. The proposed ontology is
implemented by using domain ontology (DO) provides an
effective, efficient and good framework for knowledge
management systems by addressing some major issues of the
existing and proposed systems.

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Volume 3, Issue 6, June – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
heterogeneity. It provides an efficient outcome by reaching
interoperability, semantic data recovery and successful
visualization with the help of domain ontologies.

Suresh Babu Golla et.al presented an approach [15] that

provides a solid relation connecting three diverse ontologies
associated to application areas like sickness, spaces and
surroundings integrated in a single ontology algorithm. It links
the real time apparatus that are inbuilt surrounded by the
semantic knowledge base and also explains the
interrelationships between them. The proposed methodology
provides a sturdy base for beginning a fundamental
requirement for a significant healthcare choice building system
and its applications. A wide range of best practices of the data
sets facilitates the advocacy of the proposed loomed for
enhanced admiration, accepting and a range of conclusions in
the medical applications. Thus the proposed method is related
to health mapping methods, reusability of patient’s data and its
future applications by solving interoperability issues. It is
Fig 5:- Knowledge resource developed according to mapping the available data features
with the developed concepts of ontology by creating the
M.R.Nayak has identified that the challenges in ocean semantic data along with an implication engine for other
information systems are Semantic heterogeneity and uncertainties to make it user friendly.
information overload. The solution is categorized using
Semantic Web technologies, taking the inputs from mapping III. COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION
domain ontologies. The concept of interoperability is being
addressed through ontologies, which are widely used as a This paper discusses a widespread survey of the ontology
means for solving the information heterogeneity problems in expansion tools and algorithms for various applications like
this paper [14]. A methodology to address the interoperability Satellite image retrieval system, Ocean data applications,
of sensor data and semantics of the data is also considered. Knowledge based management, Cricket video and Musical
applications. Functions and features of various ontology
development tools like TopBraid Composer, SWOOP, NeOn,
OilEd, protege, OntoEdi, WebOnto and WebODE are
discussed in this paper. Many tools are open source and
provide versioning features. The tools protege and NeOn
provide a better environment to build ontologies and backup
management functionalities for developing ontologies.

The ontology development algorithms like Friend Of A

Friend (FOAF), Simple Knowledge Organization System
(SKOS), GeoNames ontologies, Platform for Ocean
Knowledge Management (POKM) and automatic Extract,
Transform and Load (ETL) are discussed in this paper. The
ontology development algorithms are mainly focused on
addressing the accessed data from the sensor interoperability
and semantics of the satellite information. The proposed
ontologies offers interoperability, competence to put up
understanding base and provide the frame work for data
retrieval system by developing an effective algorithm through
the concept of ontology.
Fig 6:- Multiple ontology mapping and merging technique
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
The heterogeneities between various sensor networks are ENHANCEMENT
reduced through ontology mapping with sensor vocabulary.
Sensor Observation Service (SOS) offers an extensive array of In present scenario, with the sensor scientifically
interoperability potential for each and every sensor, sensor processed improvements in coastal ocean examination more a
policy, and networked assemblage of sensors in real-time, number of physical, meteorological, chemical, biological and
annals or virtual atmosphere, through Semantic Sensor geological attributes are being experimented and prepared to
ontology (SSN) by implementing mapping and merging be available. The provincial relations is presently occupied in
technique as shown in Fig.6. The current study allows a comprehensive and incorporate textures such data unruffled
valuable and efficient scientific resolution to solve the and supplied from various associations, there is a necessity for
problems for voluminous data, in terms of semantic direction and development platform for data naming

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Volume 3, Issue 6, June – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
conference to make it easy for identification, accessing, proper Ocean Satellite Image Retrieval System”, Dpto. De
usage and depository of the data. The multiple ontology Lenguajes Y Computaci´On. Universidad De Almer´Ia,
mapping and merging techniques are also discussed in this 2010.
paper which are said to be more efficient and user friendly.
The future research of this work is to develop ontology based [11] Sunitha ABBURU, Nitant DUBE, Ravindranath Nayak
architecture in semantic web technology to convert the MIYAR and Suresh Babu GOLLA, “An Ontology Based
available unstructured satellite data into the structured one i.e., Methodology for Satellite Data Semantic Interoperability”,
the machine readable format and use it for the ocean Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering Volume
applications. 15, Number 3, 2015.

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