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He covers the absence and excess of water in the Bay Area — think sea level rise, flooding and drought. For nearly a decade he’s covered how warming temperatures are altering the lives of Californians. He’s reported on farmers worried their pistachio trees aren’t getting enough sleep, families desperate for water, scientists studying dying giant sequoias, and alongside firefighters containing wildfires. His work has appeared on local stations across California and nationally on public radio shows like Morning Edition, Here and Now, All Things Considered and Science Friday. ","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9c15bb8bab267e058708a9eeaeef16bf?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"ezraromero","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ezra David Romero | KQED","description":"Climate Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9c15bb8bab267e058708a9eeaeef16bf?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9c15bb8bab267e058708a9eeaeef16bf?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/eromero"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1992826":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992826","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"science","id":"1992826","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-solar-storms-that-bring-northern-lights-can-also-cause-tech-chaos","title":"How Solar Storms That Bring Northern Lights Can Also Cause Tech Chaos","publishDate":1716289398,"format":"image","headTitle":"How Solar Storms That Bring Northern Lights Can Also Cause Tech Chaos | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Last weekend, a series of powerful solar storms brought the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1992745/see-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-bay-area\">northern lights to the Bay Area\u003c/a> and much of the world, illuminating the night skies with a mesmerizing display of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As well as causing the aurora borealis, these solar storms also have the potential to bring widespread disruption to Earth’s electrical systems — something that originally happened all the way back in 1859 during one of the largest geomagnetic storms recorded in history. And it’s happened since, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep reading for a look back at the times that our planet has experienced technological chaos caused by solar storms — and what the chances might be of this happening again in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#nextnorthernlights\">When could I see the northern lights again in California?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#solarstormscience\">The science behind solar storms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"historysolarstorms\">\u003c/a>The most intense solar storm in history: The Carrington event\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest \u003ca href=\"#solarstormscience\">solar storms\u003c/a> in history happened in September 1859, just a few months before the solar maximum — the peak of the 11-year solar cycle — of 1860. The storm, also known as the Carrington Event, was after British astronomer Richard Carrington, who first observed a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215858/\">white light flare\u003c/a>” while looking for sunspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geomagnetic storm that ensued in the next 17 hours caused chaos to that era’s version of the World Wide Web and shocked telegraph operators around the globe, who found their networks disrupted and even saw fires in multiple telegraph stations throughout Europe and North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to contemporary newspaper reports, for hours, telegraph operators were even able to use the overflowing current present in the air to continue working their \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/science/2012/05/1859s-great-auroral-stormthe-week-the-sun-touched-the-earth/\">unplugged telegraph machines\u003c/a>. One Portland operator reportedly said the machines worked “better than with our batteries on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992831\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/20240506110746_1024_aia_0131.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sun emitted three strong solar flares. The first flare peaked at 2:01 a.m. EDT on May 5, 2024, and the second peaked at 7:54 a.m. EDT on May 5, 2024. The third peaked at 2:35 a.m. EDT on May 6, 2024. NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, which watches the sun constantly, captured an image of the event. The imagery shows 131 Angstrom light, a subset of extreme ultraviolet light. The sequence culminates with an X4.5 flare. \u003ccite>(NASA SDO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the solar storm also created spectacular auroral displays in places beyond the usual polar latitudes, as far as south as Mexico and Hawaii. In the northeastern U.S., the northern lights were so bright that people reported using \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223344160_Eyewitness_Reports_of_the_Great_Auroral_Storm_of_1859\">the storm’s glow to read the newspaper at night\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sonoma-county-journal-aurora-091859/147418815/\">\u003cem>Sonoma County Journal\u003c/em> in September 1859\u003c/a> described the beautiful view of the auroras seen in California as “exhibiting every hue from blood red to the faintest golden yellow, and extending from the horizon to the zenith in all directions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists today believe that multiple \u003ca href=\"#solarstormscience\">coronal mass ejections (CMEs)\u003c/a> hit Earth during the Carrington Event, arriving in the Earth’s atmosphere in just 17 hours — a journey that usually takes several days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How would Carrington 2.0 affect us today?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Luckily for us, solar storms like the Carrington Event only happen once every few centuries. So the likelihood of it happening during our lifetime is slim, according to Andrew Fraknoi, astronomer and professor at the University of San Francisco’s Fromm Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But, it could happen,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How would such an event today impact us, and are we prepared?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, we are in a much more vulnerable place than they were in 1859,” Fraknoi said. And while not at the same scale as the Carrington Event, the solar storm of March 1989 could give a preview of that potential impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm caused a massive power outage of \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/24983-auroras-1989-great-solar-storm.html\">Hydro-Québec’s electricity transmission system\u003c/a>, leaving 6 million Canadians in the dark for 9 hours and significantly interfering with the U.S. power grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992866\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2160px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992866\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2160\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text.jpg 2160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-1020x510.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-2048x1024.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-1920x960.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2160px) 100vw, 2160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory captured images of the two solar flares on May 10 and May 11, 2024. The flares are classified as X5.8 and X1.5-class flares, respectively. The image shows a subset of extreme ultraviolet light that highlights the extremely hot material in flares created from a mixture of SDO’s AIA 193, 171 and 131 channels. \u003ccite>(NASA SDO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12507/severe-space-weather-events-understanding-societal-and-economic-impacts-a\">2013 report by the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> estimates that such a storm now could cost one to two trillion dollars in the first year alone and take a decade to recover from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re dependent on GPS satellites, and the power grid is connected in very complicated ways among different parts of the U.S. and parts of North America,” Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were a huge amount of current coming from the sky, it could overwhelm or damage the power grid connections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2013 report lays out the potential disruption on satellites, power grids and infrastructure, as well as the socioeconomic impacts of another Carrington Event happening today. Depending on the scale of the solar storms, disruptions can last for weeks or even years, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[aside postID=science_1992745 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/9C3BB325-2D3B-4450-AF51-36481D9C2232-1-1020x682.jpg']\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can imagine a space weather storm strong enough to knock out power from New York down to the Carolinas for weeks, that’s not ‘a bad day’ anymore. That’s a national security risk,” said Bryan Brasher, Project Manager at the Space Weather Prediction Center for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brasher works with the team that predicts space weather events like the recent solar storms we experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a massive geomagnetic storm like the Carrington Event were to happen today, he said, it could interfere with radio communications and GPS signals and disrupt operations on spacecraft and even pipelines and railroads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brasher is optimistic that our understanding of space weather prediction has improved over the last century — and more research is being done to mitigate any catastrophic events that could result from a large solar storm event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think today we like to think that by doing our job to provide forecasts and information to these critical system operators, that they will take mitigating factors to help prevent failures,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992860\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992860\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_7-8_2024_SDO_131_Dual_Active_Regions_bigger.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"562\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory captured these images of the solar flares — as seen in the bright flashes in the left image (May 8 flare) and the right image (May 7 flare). The image shows 131 angstrom light, a subset of extreme ultraviolet light that highlights the extremely hot material in flares and is colorized in orange. \u003ccite>(NASA SDO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"solarstormcali\">\u003c/a>Other large solar storms that brought aurora sightings to California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Here’s a list of other large geomagnetic storms that disrupted technology in parts of the U.S. These storms may not necessarily have caused disruptions in California, but sightings of the aurora were visible in the region during most of these storms:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>November 1882:\u003c/strong> A report in the \u003cem>SF Examiner\u003c/em> in 1882 mentions interruptions to telegraphic communications in places like New York, Chicago, and Boston, with sightings of the aurora visible from Mendocino. “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-aurora-111882/147435675/\">The hues are deep crimson, shading to light green on the horizon. It lasted several hours,\u003c/a>” wrote the \u003cem>Examiner\u003c/em>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>May 1921:\u003c/strong> A powerful solar storm known as the New York Railroad Storm caused a fire near the Grand Central Terminal in New York. There were reports of damages to telegraph systems in Europe and the Southern Hemisphere. Reports of aurora sightings in San Francisco, Oakland, and Santa Clara were described as “brilliant hued skies,” according to the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/article/san-francisco-chronicle-aurora-051921/147435792/\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>August 1972:\u003c/strong> Solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) caused solar storms that disrupted communication grids and satellite communications in North America, with \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-solar-storm-detonated-u-s-navy-mines-during-the-vietnam-war/\">reports\u003c/a> saying it caused the accidental detonation of a number of U.S. naval mines near North Vietnam.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 1989:\u003c/strong> Although no technological disruptions occurred here in California, a “night sky glow” that “varied in color from a whitish green to a brilliant red” was seen in Napa, Solano, Mendocino and San Luis Obispo, according to \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-aurora-031989/147435466/\">SF Examiner.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>October 2003:\u003c/strong> Also known as “the Halloween solar storms,” this event caused interruptions to satellite-based systems and communications and aircraft were advised to avoid high altitudes near the polar regions. Again, aurora was visible in California as reported by \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/92182338/?match=1&clipping_id=147513277\">Santa Cruz Sentinal\u003c/a>\u003c/em>: “A mysterious light that appeared to fall from the sky over the Santa Cruz Mountains had many residents calling emergency dispatchers Thursday night.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992755\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992755\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1080\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1.jpg 1080w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the northern lights in Sonoma County on May 10, 2024. \u003ccite>(Shreenivasan Manievannan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"solarstormscience\">\u003c/a>The science behind solar storms: Understanding space weather\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To understand space weather, we have to look at the (literal) star of the show: the sun. While this big ball of hot gas is more than 90 million miles away, its influence on Earth and our environment is massive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar winds, flares and ‘cannonballs’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sun’s dynamic and complex body continuously emits charged particles into space called solar wind, which astronomer Fraknoi describes as “kind of like a breeze of particles from the sun.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It goes in all directions from the sun, and it always comes toward the Earth,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a complex magnetic field woven throughout the sun,” Fraknoi said, thanks to these charged particles and the rotation of the sun. And as the magnetic field rotates with the sun, it stretches, twists and snaps like a rubber band.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When that snap happens, particles and energy from the sun are released into space, causing a giant flash of light called a solar flare — which travels at the speed of light in all directions and takes about eight minutes to reach Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when a larger amount of those same particles is released, that’s called a coronal mass ejection (CME) — which Fraknoi describes as “blobs of charged particles” hurled out in space. CMEs take one to three days to reach Earth — and unlike solar flares that appear as a flash of light, CMEs look more like explosions in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992862\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1992862 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May8-2024_Flares_SDO131_Limb.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1080\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this imagery of solar flares from May 7–8, 2024. The imagery shows 131 Angstrom light, a subset of extreme ultraviolet light. \u003ccite>(NASA SDO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solar flares almost always precede a CME. And because it can take days for a CME to reach Earth, flares let the team at Space Weather Prediction Center at NOAA send out early warnings to the masses, Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most times, these CMEs from the sun are pointed towards random directions in space. “But every once in a while, the coronal mass ejection is pointed toward Earth,” Fraknoi said. And when it is, that’s when we get a strong geomagnetic storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brasher said he likes to think of solar flares like the flash at the end of a cannon when it shoots off — and “you can think of the cannonball as being like a CME,” he said. “It’s massive, it has weight. It travels much slower than the speed of light — and most importantly, has a direction component to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth also has its own magnetic fields that function as a “protective bottle” known as a magnetosphere. The Earth’s magnetosphere is weaker in the north and south poles, noted Fraknoi — making places like Alaska and Antarctica great spots to see the aurora more regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What causes these aurora?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When charged particles flowing from the sun get caught up in the Earth’s magnetic field, it energizes the atmosphere’s molecules (like nitrogen and oxygen), excites them and creates a colorful display of light we know as the aurora, or the northern lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The different colors we see from Earth — the hues of green, red, purple, and blue — depend on which molecule is being excited by the charged particles and on how much energy is being exchanged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992853\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 940px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992853\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/phenomena_header.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"940\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/phenomena_header.png 940w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/phenomena_header-800x478.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/phenomena_header-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/phenomena_header-768x459.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Earth’s magnetosphere deflects most solar energy and particles, but occasionally, some make it down into the auroral ovals at the North and South poles. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the northern lights are most common around the poles, how do we see them all the way here in the Bay Area?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During strong geomagnetic storms like the one we experienced over a week ago — usually when a CME is involved — the aurora that is usually only visible in those polar regions is now supercharged and distributed even more geographically, making them visible in places you don’t normally see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"nextnorthernlights\">\u003c/a>When could be my next chance to see the northern lights in the Bay Area?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While many were lucky enough to clearly see the recent aurora caused by one of the largest solar storms in over 20 years, folks who weren’t so fortunate shared \u003ca href=\"https://www.boredpanda.com/northern-lights-jokes-memes/\">memes on social media\u003c/a> about their \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/FOMO\">FOMO\u003c/a>, with one user calling this elusive glow the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/bayarea/comments/1cpc8pe/comment/l3koer0/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web3x&utm_name=web3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button\">aurora \u003cem>fog\u003c/em>ealis\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if that was you, there’s still hope. Experts say we might see more auroras in the next couple of years, thanks to the sun’s cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992769\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Northern Lights (aurora borealis) illuminate the sky of San Francisco North Bay as seen from China Camp Beach in San Rafael, California on May 11, 2024. \u003ccite>(Tayfun Coskun/Anadolu via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sun undergoes an eleven-year solar cycle, with solar activity rising and falling. We are currently approaching the peak of the solar cycle, also known as the solar maximum. During this period, space weather events like solar flares and CMEs can happen more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the solar cycle, the sun’s magnetic field goes from being really uniform and easy to getting really complicated, intertwined and complex,” Brasher said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists predict these solar storms will reach their peak in 2025. But sometimes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01432-7\">the biggest storms can hit years after the solar maximum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To stay up to date with the latest news on geomagnetic storms, you can \u003ca href=\"https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/subscription-services\">subscribe to email updates from the Space Weather Prediction Center at NOAA\u003c/a>. Brasher recommends subscribing to notifications of G4 and G5 storm alerts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mysteries of the sun are still out there,” Brasher said. “We have a lot to understand about the dynamo, and the dynamics of it and how it impacts Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In 1859, a massive solar storm brought the aurora borealis to awed onlookers — but also knocked out Earth's early communications networks. Could it happen again? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1716310810,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":51,"wordCount":2450},"headData":{"title":"How Solar Storms That Bring Northern Lights Can Also Cause Tech Chaos | KQED","description":"In 1859, a massive solar storm brought the aurora borealis to awed onlookers — but also knocked out Earth's early communications networks. Could it happen again? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Solar Storms That Bring Northern Lights Can Also Cause Tech Chaos","datePublished":"2024-05-21T04:03:18-07:00","dateModified":"2024-05-21T10:00:10-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprStoryId":"kqed-1992826","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992826/how-solar-storms-that-bring-northern-lights-can-also-cause-tech-chaos","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last weekend, a series of powerful solar storms brought the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1992745/see-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-bay-area\">northern lights to the Bay Area\u003c/a> and much of the world, illuminating the night skies with a mesmerizing display of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As well as causing the aurora borealis, these solar storms also have the potential to bring widespread disruption to Earth’s electrical systems — something that originally happened all the way back in 1859 during one of the largest geomagnetic storms recorded in history. And it’s happened since, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep reading for a look back at the times that our planet has experienced technological chaos caused by solar storms — and what the chances might be of this happening again in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#nextnorthernlights\">When could I see the northern lights again in California?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#solarstormscience\">The science behind solar storms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"historysolarstorms\">\u003c/a>The most intense solar storm in history: The Carrington event\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest \u003ca href=\"#solarstormscience\">solar storms\u003c/a> in history happened in September 1859, just a few months before the solar maximum — the peak of the 11-year solar cycle — of 1860. The storm, also known as the Carrington Event, was after British astronomer Richard Carrington, who first observed a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215858/\">white light flare\u003c/a>” while looking for sunspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geomagnetic storm that ensued in the next 17 hours caused chaos to that era’s version of the World Wide Web and shocked telegraph operators around the globe, who found their networks disrupted and even saw fires in multiple telegraph stations throughout Europe and North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to contemporary newspaper reports, for hours, telegraph operators were even able to use the overflowing current present in the air to continue working their \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/science/2012/05/1859s-great-auroral-stormthe-week-the-sun-touched-the-earth/\">unplugged telegraph machines\u003c/a>. One Portland operator reportedly said the machines worked “better than with our batteries on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992831\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/20240506110746_1024_aia_0131.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sun emitted three strong solar flares. The first flare peaked at 2:01 a.m. EDT on May 5, 2024, and the second peaked at 7:54 a.m. EDT on May 5, 2024. The third peaked at 2:35 a.m. EDT on May 6, 2024. NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, which watches the sun constantly, captured an image of the event. The imagery shows 131 Angstrom light, a subset of extreme ultraviolet light. The sequence culminates with an X4.5 flare. \u003ccite>(NASA SDO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the solar storm also created spectacular auroral displays in places beyond the usual polar latitudes, as far as south as Mexico and Hawaii. In the northeastern U.S., the northern lights were so bright that people reported using \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223344160_Eyewitness_Reports_of_the_Great_Auroral_Storm_of_1859\">the storm’s glow to read the newspaper at night\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sonoma-county-journal-aurora-091859/147418815/\">\u003cem>Sonoma County Journal\u003c/em> in September 1859\u003c/a> described the beautiful view of the auroras seen in California as “exhibiting every hue from blood red to the faintest golden yellow, and extending from the horizon to the zenith in all directions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists today believe that multiple \u003ca href=\"#solarstormscience\">coronal mass ejections (CMEs)\u003c/a> hit Earth during the Carrington Event, arriving in the Earth’s atmosphere in just 17 hours — a journey that usually takes several days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How would Carrington 2.0 affect us today?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Luckily for us, solar storms like the Carrington Event only happen once every few centuries. So the likelihood of it happening during our lifetime is slim, according to Andrew Fraknoi, astronomer and professor at the University of San Francisco’s Fromm Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But, it could happen,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How would such an event today impact us, and are we prepared?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, we are in a much more vulnerable place than they were in 1859,” Fraknoi said. And while not at the same scale as the Carrington Event, the solar storm of March 1989 could give a preview of that potential impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm caused a massive power outage of \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/24983-auroras-1989-great-solar-storm.html\">Hydro-Québec’s electricity transmission system\u003c/a>, leaving 6 million Canadians in the dark for 9 hours and significantly interfering with the U.S. power grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992866\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2160px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992866\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2160\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text.jpg 2160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-1020x510.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-2048x1024.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_11_side-by-side_no_text-1920x960.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2160px) 100vw, 2160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory captured images of the two solar flares on May 10 and May 11, 2024. The flares are classified as X5.8 and X1.5-class flares, respectively. The image shows a subset of extreme ultraviolet light that highlights the extremely hot material in flares created from a mixture of SDO’s AIA 193, 171 and 131 channels. \u003ccite>(NASA SDO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12507/severe-space-weather-events-understanding-societal-and-economic-impacts-a\">2013 report by the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> estimates that such a storm now could cost one to two trillion dollars in the first year alone and take a decade to recover from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re dependent on GPS satellites, and the power grid is connected in very complicated ways among different parts of the U.S. and parts of North America,” Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were a huge amount of current coming from the sky, it could overwhelm or damage the power grid connections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2013 report lays out the potential disruption on satellites, power grids and infrastructure, as well as the socioeconomic impacts of another Carrington Event happening today. Depending on the scale of the solar storms, disruptions can last for weeks or even years, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1992745","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/9C3BB325-2D3B-4450-AF51-36481D9C2232-1-1020x682.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can imagine a space weather storm strong enough to knock out power from New York down to the Carolinas for weeks, that’s not ‘a bad day’ anymore. That’s a national security risk,” said Bryan Brasher, Project Manager at the Space Weather Prediction Center for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brasher works with the team that predicts space weather events like the recent solar storms we experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a massive geomagnetic storm like the Carrington Event were to happen today, he said, it could interfere with radio communications and GPS signals and disrupt operations on spacecraft and even pipelines and railroads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brasher is optimistic that our understanding of space weather prediction has improved over the last century — and more research is being done to mitigate any catastrophic events that could result from a large solar storm event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think today we like to think that by doing our job to provide forecasts and information to these critical system operators, that they will take mitigating factors to help prevent failures,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992860\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992860\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May_7-8_2024_SDO_131_Dual_Active_Regions_bigger.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"562\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory captured these images of the solar flares — as seen in the bright flashes in the left image (May 8 flare) and the right image (May 7 flare). The image shows 131 angstrom light, a subset of extreme ultraviolet light that highlights the extremely hot material in flares and is colorized in orange. \u003ccite>(NASA SDO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"solarstormcali\">\u003c/a>Other large solar storms that brought aurora sightings to California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Here’s a list of other large geomagnetic storms that disrupted technology in parts of the U.S. These storms may not necessarily have caused disruptions in California, but sightings of the aurora were visible in the region during most of these storms:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>November 1882:\u003c/strong> A report in the \u003cem>SF Examiner\u003c/em> in 1882 mentions interruptions to telegraphic communications in places like New York, Chicago, and Boston, with sightings of the aurora visible from Mendocino. “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-aurora-111882/147435675/\">The hues are deep crimson, shading to light green on the horizon. It lasted several hours,\u003c/a>” wrote the \u003cem>Examiner\u003c/em>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>May 1921:\u003c/strong> A powerful solar storm known as the New York Railroad Storm caused a fire near the Grand Central Terminal in New York. There were reports of damages to telegraph systems in Europe and the Southern Hemisphere. Reports of aurora sightings in San Francisco, Oakland, and Santa Clara were described as “brilliant hued skies,” according to the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/article/san-francisco-chronicle-aurora-051921/147435792/\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>August 1972:\u003c/strong> Solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) caused solar storms that disrupted communication grids and satellite communications in North America, with \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-solar-storm-detonated-u-s-navy-mines-during-the-vietnam-war/\">reports\u003c/a> saying it caused the accidental detonation of a number of U.S. naval mines near North Vietnam.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 1989:\u003c/strong> Although no technological disruptions occurred here in California, a “night sky glow” that “varied in color from a whitish green to a brilliant red” was seen in Napa, Solano, Mendocino and San Luis Obispo, according to \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-aurora-031989/147435466/\">SF Examiner.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>October 2003:\u003c/strong> Also known as “the Halloween solar storms,” this event caused interruptions to satellite-based systems and communications and aircraft were advised to avoid high altitudes near the polar regions. Again, aurora was visible in California as reported by \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/92182338/?match=1&clipping_id=147513277\">Santa Cruz Sentinal\u003c/a>\u003c/em>: “A mysterious light that appeared to fall from the sky over the Santa Cruz Mountains had many residents calling emergency dispatchers Thursday night.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992755\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992755\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1080\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1.jpg 1080w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/E461FAA3-2C83-46D6-B90E-BE77A67A3490-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the northern lights in Sonoma County on May 10, 2024. \u003ccite>(Shreenivasan Manievannan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"solarstormscience\">\u003c/a>The science behind solar storms: Understanding space weather\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To understand space weather, we have to look at the (literal) star of the show: the sun. While this big ball of hot gas is more than 90 million miles away, its influence on Earth and our environment is massive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar winds, flares and ‘cannonballs’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sun’s dynamic and complex body continuously emits charged particles into space called solar wind, which astronomer Fraknoi describes as “kind of like a breeze of particles from the sun.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It goes in all directions from the sun, and it always comes toward the Earth,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a complex magnetic field woven throughout the sun,” Fraknoi said, thanks to these charged particles and the rotation of the sun. And as the magnetic field rotates with the sun, it stretches, twists and snaps like a rubber band.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When that snap happens, particles and energy from the sun are released into space, causing a giant flash of light called a solar flare — which travels at the speed of light in all directions and takes about eight minutes to reach Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when a larger amount of those same particles is released, that’s called a coronal mass ejection (CME) — which Fraknoi describes as “blobs of charged particles” hurled out in space. CMEs take one to three days to reach Earth — and unlike solar flares that appear as a flash of light, CMEs look more like explosions in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992862\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1992862 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/May8-2024_Flares_SDO131_Limb.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1080\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this imagery of solar flares from May 7–8, 2024. The imagery shows 131 Angstrom light, a subset of extreme ultraviolet light. \u003ccite>(NASA SDO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solar flares almost always precede a CME. And because it can take days for a CME to reach Earth, flares let the team at Space Weather Prediction Center at NOAA send out early warnings to the masses, Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most times, these CMEs from the sun are pointed towards random directions in space. “But every once in a while, the coronal mass ejection is pointed toward Earth,” Fraknoi said. And when it is, that’s when we get a strong geomagnetic storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brasher said he likes to think of solar flares like the flash at the end of a cannon when it shoots off — and “you can think of the cannonball as being like a CME,” he said. “It’s massive, it has weight. It travels much slower than the speed of light — and most importantly, has a direction component to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth also has its own magnetic fields that function as a “protective bottle” known as a magnetosphere. The Earth’s magnetosphere is weaker in the north and south poles, noted Fraknoi — making places like Alaska and Antarctica great spots to see the aurora more regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What causes these aurora?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When charged particles flowing from the sun get caught up in the Earth’s magnetic field, it energizes the atmosphere’s molecules (like nitrogen and oxygen), excites them and creates a colorful display of light we know as the aurora, or the northern lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The different colors we see from Earth — the hues of green, red, purple, and blue — depend on which molecule is being excited by the charged particles and on how much energy is being exchanged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992853\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 940px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992853\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/phenomena_header.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"940\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/phenomena_header.png 940w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/phenomena_header-800x478.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/phenomena_header-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/phenomena_header-768x459.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Earth’s magnetosphere deflects most solar energy and particles, but occasionally, some make it down into the auroral ovals at the North and South poles. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the northern lights are most common around the poles, how do we see them all the way here in the Bay Area?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During strong geomagnetic storms like the one we experienced over a week ago — usually when a CME is involved — the aurora that is usually only visible in those polar regions is now supercharged and distributed even more geographically, making them visible in places you don’t normally see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"nextnorthernlights\">\u003c/a>When could be my next chance to see the northern lights in the Bay Area?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While many were lucky enough to clearly see the recent aurora caused by one of the largest solar storms in over 20 years, folks who weren’t so fortunate shared \u003ca href=\"https://www.boredpanda.com/northern-lights-jokes-memes/\">memes on social media\u003c/a> about their \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/FOMO\">FOMO\u003c/a>, with one user calling this elusive glow the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/bayarea/comments/1cpc8pe/comment/l3koer0/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web3x&utm_name=web3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button\">aurora \u003cem>fog\u003c/em>ealis\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if that was you, there’s still hope. Experts say we might see more auroras in the next couple of years, thanks to the sun’s cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992769\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/GettyImages-2151894225-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Northern Lights (aurora borealis) illuminate the sky of San Francisco North Bay as seen from China Camp Beach in San Rafael, California on May 11, 2024. \u003ccite>(Tayfun Coskun/Anadolu via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sun undergoes an eleven-year solar cycle, with solar activity rising and falling. We are currently approaching the peak of the solar cycle, also known as the solar maximum. During this period, space weather events like solar flares and CMEs can happen more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the solar cycle, the sun’s magnetic field goes from being really uniform and easy to getting really complicated, intertwined and complex,” Brasher said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists predict these solar storms will reach their peak in 2025. But sometimes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01432-7\">the biggest storms can hit years after the solar maximum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To stay up to date with the latest news on geomagnetic storms, you can \u003ca href=\"https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/subscription-services\">subscribe to email updates from the Space Weather Prediction Center at NOAA\u003c/a>. Brasher recommends subscribing to notifications of G4 and G5 storm alerts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mysteries of the sun are still out there,” Brasher said. “We have a lot to understand about the dynamo, and the dynamics of it and how it impacts Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992826/how-solar-storms-that-bring-northern-lights-can-also-cause-tech-chaos","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4992","science_5303","science_4417","science_4414","science_576","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1992828","label":"science"},"science_1992933":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992933","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"science","id":"1992933","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-has-a-theory-on-why-brown-pelicans-are-starving-and-dying","title":"California Has a Theory on Why Brown Pelicans Are Starving and Dying","publishDate":1716469215,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Has a Theory on Why Brown Pelicans Are Starving and Dying | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Emaciated brown pelicans are washing up on California shores in the hundreds. State officials and researchers aren’t sure why, but they think it could be weather-related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s working hypothesis is that this situation, similar to what happened in 2022 when nearly 800 starving pelicans were rescued, was likely caused by late spring storms hitting the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The waters were incredibly choppy, it was very windy, visibility was poor,” said Tim Daly, spokesperson for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “Our strongest belief at this point is that the pelicans were simply having trouble reaching the fish that were below the surface.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said there are plenty of fish and noted that anchovies are particularly abundant this year. The pelicans just can’t find them in the murky water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey Bay is a particular hotspot in the state’s rescue effort. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.spcamc.org/programs-resources/wildlife-rescue-rehabilitation/wildlife-rescue.html\">Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center\u003c/a> at the SPCA of Monterey County has taken in more than 100 famished birds over the past month. Staff there have dedicated two outdoor enclosures to the pelicans and converted a staff bathroom into a heated recovery room for birds that can’t regulate their body temperature. Rescue calls started coming in on April 19 and have not yet stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ciera Duits-Cavanaugh, manager of the wildlife center, said the birds are arriving at half the weight they should be and that most rescues are happening on piers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992901\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992901\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut.jpg\" alt=\"A person wearing blue gloves takes a blood sample from a leathery foot of a bird.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife technicians at SPCA of Monterey County take a blood sample from the foot of a pelican. Like most of the rescued birds, the sample revealed the bird was anemic. \u003ccite>(Alix Soliman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“[The birds are] targeting places where there’s easy food, so boats that are off-loading fish onto docks, restaurants — anywhere that they can get a hand-out,” Duits-Cavanaugh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cory Utter, the senior wildlife technician at the wildlife center, said they likely are not saving all the pelicans because most people can’t tell if a bird is struggling. There is one sure sign, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can walk right up to it, and it doesn’t seem bothered by you, then there’s probably something wrong,” Utter said. Officials recommend people call local wildlife centers if that happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, a mom and her young son reported a weak-looking pelican drooping its beak into a tide pool at Asilomar State Beach in Monterey County. Two SPCA volunteers crouched down on the rocks, scooped up the bird, and placed it in a dog crate. The pelican didn’t resist. After a short drive back to the wildlife center, the volunteers pulled out the crate. The bird’s eyes were open, but its head was cocked to one side, and it was motionless. It had died in transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Storms may be to blame\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Duerr, director of Research and veterinary science at International Bird Rescue, said the explanation that early spring storms limit the bird’s ability to find food makes sense, especially since they’ve tested dead pelicans and ruled out avian flu as a possible cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly, the visibility and catchability of fish can be an issue for them because they don’t dive very deep — even the biggest brown pelican can only grab fish about 6 feet deep,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992900\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992900\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut.jpg\" alt=\"White and blue birds with long beaks stand on colorful rugs.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pelicans struggling to regulate their body temperature rest in a warming room at the SPCA Monterey County, between 75–80 degrees Fahrenheit. \u003ccite>(Alix Soliman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About one-third to a half of the starving pelicans arriving at rescue centers were injured, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that brown pelicans take more risks in their feeding — more likely to go after fishing gear and that sort of stuff — when they’re nutritionally stressed,” Duerr said. “A desperate, hungry pelican can get into trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an odd weather event in 2010, she said, they were found landing in people’s yards and snatching food off of hot barbecue grills.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pelicans back from the brink\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California brown pelicans \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/places/000/california-brown-pelican.htm#:~:text=In%20the%201960s%20and%201970s,the%20sea%20as%20the%20cause.\">almost went extinct\u003c/a> in the 1970s. Researchers found that the toxic chemical DDT entered coastal waters, where it was absorbed by the fish pelicans eat. The chemical changed the calcium metabolism in the birds’ bodies, which made them lay eggs with shells too fragile to withstand the weight of incubation. After DDT was banned, the pelicans recovered and were removed from the endangered species list in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=science_1992713 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240510-SICK-PELICANS-MD-10-KQED-1-1020x680.jpg']Brown pelicans’ largest breeding colonies are in the Channel Islands and Baja California, Mexico. Nesting season peaks in March and April, and newborns typically arrive in the Bay Area around May. But Duerr said most of the starving pelicans she’s seeing are older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Channel Islands colony, we know, has done a lot of chick abandonment, so there probably won’t be any fledglings arriving,” Duerr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Anderson is a retired professor from UC Davis who has studied brown pelicans for over 50 years and helped prevent their extinction. He’s planning to check on the Baja colony this month, but he said he’s not optimistic after seeing how they fared earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The breeding birds in the Gulf of California are failing miserably,” Anderson said. “Where there would be 20-30,000 nests, this year there were way less than 1000.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992902\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992902\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nia Newcombe (left) with SPCA volunteers Nancy Cunningham and Philip Johnson after scooping up a starving pelican at Asilomar State Beach. The pelican did not survive. \u003ccite>(Alix Soliman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anderson said the Baja population declined in 2014 during the marine heat wave scientists called “the blob” and has not really recovered since. He also said the pelican population tends to follow the El Niño and La Niña sea surface temperature cycles — doing worse with warm El Niño conditions and better with cold La Niña conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California experienced a rare three-year run of La Niña from 2020 to 2023 before El Niño in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.shtml\">predicts\u003c/a> we’ll enter neutral conditions soon and may see La Niña emerge this summer. “The surface fish like anchovies, sardines seem to be more available to surface-feeding seabirds during La Niña conditions,” Anderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992898\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992898\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut.jpg\" alt=\"Six brown and white birds stand inside a fence.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scraggly birds flap their wings in the breeze and preen their feathers in an enclosure at the SPCA of Monterey County. \u003ccite>(Alix Soliman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As climate change is expected to make El Niño cycles \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/has-climate-change-already-affected-enso\">more intense and frequent\u003c/a>, Anderson said pelicans may gradually move north to breed. “It’s a complex situation, and it’s dynamic and moving really fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The state’s working hypothesis is that this situation was caused by late spring storms hitting the coast.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1716478866,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1183},"headData":{"title":"California Has a Theory on Why Brown Pelicans Are Starving and Dying | KQED","description":"The state’s working hypothesis is that this situation was caused by late spring storms hitting the coast.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Has a Theory on Why Brown Pelicans Are Starving and Dying","datePublished":"2024-05-23T06:00:15-07:00","dateModified":"2024-05-23T08:41:06-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Alix Soliman","nprStoryId":"kqed-1992933","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992933/california-has-a-theory-on-why-brown-pelicans-are-starving-and-dying","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Emaciated brown pelicans are washing up on California shores in the hundreds. State officials and researchers aren’t sure why, but they think it could be weather-related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s working hypothesis is that this situation, similar to what happened in 2022 when nearly 800 starving pelicans were rescued, was likely caused by late spring storms hitting the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The waters were incredibly choppy, it was very windy, visibility was poor,” said Tim Daly, spokesperson for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “Our strongest belief at this point is that the pelicans were simply having trouble reaching the fish that were below the surface.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said there are plenty of fish and noted that anchovies are particularly abundant this year. The pelicans just can’t find them in the murky water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey Bay is a particular hotspot in the state’s rescue effort. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.spcamc.org/programs-resources/wildlife-rescue-rehabilitation/wildlife-rescue.html\">Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center\u003c/a> at the SPCA of Monterey County has taken in more than 100 famished birds over the past month. Staff there have dedicated two outdoor enclosures to the pelicans and converted a staff bathroom into a heated recovery room for birds that can’t regulate their body temperature. Rescue calls started coming in on April 19 and have not yet stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ciera Duits-Cavanaugh, manager of the wildlife center, said the birds are arriving at half the weight they should be and that most rescues are happening on piers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992901\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992901\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut.jpg\" alt=\"A person wearing blue gloves takes a blood sample from a leathery foot of a bird.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-06_qut-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife technicians at SPCA of Monterey County take a blood sample from the foot of a pelican. Like most of the rescued birds, the sample revealed the bird was anemic. \u003ccite>(Alix Soliman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“[The birds are] targeting places where there’s easy food, so boats that are off-loading fish onto docks, restaurants — anywhere that they can get a hand-out,” Duits-Cavanaugh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cory Utter, the senior wildlife technician at the wildlife center, said they likely are not saving all the pelicans because most people can’t tell if a bird is struggling. There is one sure sign, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can walk right up to it, and it doesn’t seem bothered by you, then there’s probably something wrong,” Utter said. Officials recommend people call local wildlife centers if that happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, a mom and her young son reported a weak-looking pelican drooping its beak into a tide pool at Asilomar State Beach in Monterey County. Two SPCA volunteers crouched down on the rocks, scooped up the bird, and placed it in a dog crate. The pelican didn’t resist. After a short drive back to the wildlife center, the volunteers pulled out the crate. The bird’s eyes were open, but its head was cocked to one side, and it was motionless. It had died in transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Storms may be to blame\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Duerr, director of Research and veterinary science at International Bird Rescue, said the explanation that early spring storms limit the bird’s ability to find food makes sense, especially since they’ve tested dead pelicans and ruled out avian flu as a possible cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly, the visibility and catchability of fish can be an issue for them because they don’t dive very deep — even the biggest brown pelican can only grab fish about 6 feet deep,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992900\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992900\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut.jpg\" alt=\"White and blue birds with long beaks stand on colorful rugs.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-02_qut-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pelicans struggling to regulate their body temperature rest in a warming room at the SPCA Monterey County, between 75–80 degrees Fahrenheit. \u003ccite>(Alix Soliman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About one-third to a half of the starving pelicans arriving at rescue centers were injured, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that brown pelicans take more risks in their feeding — more likely to go after fishing gear and that sort of stuff — when they’re nutritionally stressed,” Duerr said. “A desperate, hungry pelican can get into trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an odd weather event in 2010, she said, they were found landing in people’s yards and snatching food off of hot barbecue grills.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pelicans back from the brink\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California brown pelicans \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/places/000/california-brown-pelican.htm#:~:text=In%20the%201960s%20and%201970s,the%20sea%20as%20the%20cause.\">almost went extinct\u003c/a> in the 1970s. Researchers found that the toxic chemical DDT entered coastal waters, where it was absorbed by the fish pelicans eat. The chemical changed the calcium metabolism in the birds’ bodies, which made them lay eggs with shells too fragile to withstand the weight of incubation. After DDT was banned, the pelicans recovered and were removed from the endangered species list in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1992713","hero":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240510-SICK-PELICANS-MD-10-KQED-1-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Brown pelicans’ largest breeding colonies are in the Channel Islands and Baja California, Mexico. Nesting season peaks in March and April, and newborns typically arrive in the Bay Area around May. But Duerr said most of the starving pelicans she’s seeing are older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Channel Islands colony, we know, has done a lot of chick abandonment, so there probably won’t be any fledglings arriving,” Duerr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Anderson is a retired professor from UC Davis who has studied brown pelicans for over 50 years and helped prevent their extinction. He’s planning to check on the Baja colony this month, but he said he’s not optimistic after seeing how they fared earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The breeding birds in the Gulf of California are failing miserably,” Anderson said. “Where there would be 20-30,000 nests, this year there were way less than 1000.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992902\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992902\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-07_qut-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nia Newcombe (left) with SPCA volunteers Nancy Cunningham and Philip Johnson after scooping up a starving pelican at Asilomar State Beach. The pelican did not survive. \u003ccite>(Alix Soliman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anderson said the Baja population declined in 2014 during the marine heat wave scientists called “the blob” and has not really recovered since. He also said the pelican population tends to follow the El Niño and La Niña sea surface temperature cycles — doing worse with warm El Niño conditions and better with cold La Niña conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California experienced a rare three-year run of La Niña from 2020 to 2023 before El Niño in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.shtml\">predicts\u003c/a> we’ll enter neutral conditions soon and may see La Niña emerge this summer. “The surface fish like anchovies, sardines seem to be more available to surface-feeding seabirds during La Niña conditions,” Anderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992898\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992898\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut.jpg\" alt=\"Six brown and white birds stand inside a fence.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240513-BrownPelicans-AlixSoliman-04_qut-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scraggly birds flap their wings in the breeze and preen their feathers in an enclosure at the SPCA of Monterey County. \u003ccite>(Alix Soliman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As climate change is expected to make El Niño cycles \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/has-climate-change-already-affected-enso\">more intense and frequent\u003c/a>, Anderson said pelicans may gradually move north to breed. “It’s a complex situation, and it’s dynamic and moving really fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992933/california-has-a-theory-on-why-brown-pelicans-are-starving-and-dying","authors":["byline_science_1992933"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_163","science_4417","science_4414","science_5319","science_5318","science_804"],"featImg":"science_1992899","label":"science"},"science_1992910":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992910","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"science","id":"1992910","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"richmond-oil-refining-tax-on-chevron-a-major-polluter-moves-closer-to-ballot","title":"Richmond Oil Refining Tax on Chevron, a Major Polluter, Moves Closer to Ballot","publishDate":1716401365,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Richmond Oil Refining Tax on Chevron, a Major Polluter, Moves Closer to Ballot | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The Richmond City Council voted unanimously Tuesday night to direct the city attorney to prepare a ballot measure that would tax oil refining, putting the city one step closer to a tax on the Chevron Refinery sought by environmental justice groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tax would help address an anticipated $34 million budget shortfall for the 2024–25 fiscal year, according to Mayor Eduardo Martinez and Vice Mayor Claudia Jimenez, who cited the harm done by oil refining to the environment and public health in introducing the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron, Richmond’s largest employer and taxpayer, \u003ca href=\"https://www.chevron.com/-/media/chevron/PDF-Reports/Investors/2023-4Q-earnings-pressrelease-.pdf\">netted $21.3 billion in profits\u003c/a> last year and paid $45.9 million in taxes to Richmond in the 2022–23 fiscal year, representing more than 15% of the city’s revenues. Annual revenue from a refining tax could approach $100 million, according to Kerry Guerin, an attorney for Communities for a Better Environment Action, which initially proposed the idea along with the Asian Pacific Environmental Network Action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We support policies that encourage business investment and seek to create a better quality of life for Richmond residents,” Chevron wrote in a statement sent by company spokesperson Caitlin Powell. “That said, we believe the proposed refining tax is the wrong approach to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron called the tax “a hasty proposal, brought forward by one-sided interests” and said it would hinder the company’s ability to improve its facility to better provide clean energy, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Slagle, a spokesperson for California’s main oil industry group, the Western States Petroleum Association, said oil refining is already more expensive in California than anywhere else in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any additional local taxes or regulatory programs could make operations more challenging and expensive, which could lead to higher costs at the pump for all,” Slagle said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Tuesday night’s meeting, Jimenez pushed back on the oil industry assertions and said the new tax revenue would not only fund city operations but also help build green businesses to replace fossil fuel production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we are proposing is not going to break things or just to make them leave,” she said. “What we are proposing is to make sure that we continue to advocate for such a big business with billions of dollars to pay their fair share to Richmond.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil refining is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11981095/chevron-owns-this-citys-news-site-many-stories-arent-told\">the largest single source of pollution in Richmond\u003c/a>, with harmful health effects. Emissions of particulate matter from the Chevron Refinery are responsible for \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/dotgov/files/rules/reg-6-rule-5-particulate-emissions-from-refinery-fluidized-catalytic-cracking-units/2020-amendment/documents/20210525_10_fsr_0605_app_a2-pdf.pdf?la=en\">5 to 11 premature deaths in Richmond\u003c/a> each year, according to estimations by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The air district also cites those emissions as contributing to cardiovascular disease, respiratory illnesses and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma rates for Richmond residents are higher than 90% of other Californians, \u003ca href=\"https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/6b863505f9454cea802f4be0b4b49d62/\">according to state data\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I myself suffer from asthma. My son, who’s 9 years old, is a two-time cancer survivor,” said Sandy Saeteurn, a political director with the Asian Pacific Environmental Network Action and a longtime Richmond resident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the Chevron Refinery is “continuing to pollute our air, our environment, our health. And yet, we are not seeing them as good neighbors. We want to make sure that they’re investing in our city, investing in our residents and the future of our community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11981762,news_11981095,news_11975650 label='Related Coverage']Dr. Amanda Millstein, a primary care pediatrician who saw patients for years in Richmond after working in other Bay Area cities, said many parents in the city expect that their children will develop asthma – and added that “they are not wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have lost track of the number of families who have asked me at the initial visit with their 2- or 3-day-old baby, ‘Doctor, does my baby have asthma?’ Or ‘How will I know when my baby has asthma?’” Millstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the dozens of people who spoke during public comment in Tuesday’s city council meeting favored the tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Longtime Richmond resident Raphael Castro recalled witnessing the 2012 Chevron Refinery fire and sealing his windows with wet towels to protect his younger sister from breathing the air “because, in North Richmond, we have a higher risk of our children getting asthma,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Jefferies, a representative of the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, many of whom work in refineries, was more wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not against clean air,” Jefferies said. But he cautioned the council to take stock of the good-paying jobs provided by the refinery and “all the indirect jobs, all the indirect economics that this city enjoys because of those jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond voters passed a tax on refineries in 2008, but the measure was challenged in court and struck down in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Community groups backing this renewed effort said the city can resolve those legal issues this time around. The ballot measure sought by the City Council would go before voters in November.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Richmond City Council voted to direct the city attorney to prepare a ballot measure that would tax oil refining by Chevron, citing the harm done to the environment and public health.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1716413488,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":858},"headData":{"title":"Richmond Oil Refining Tax on Chevron, a Major Polluter, Moves Closer to Ballot | KQED","description":"The Richmond City Council voted to direct the city attorney to prepare a ballot measure that would tax oil refining by Chevron, citing the harm done to the environment and public health.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Richmond Oil Refining Tax on Chevron, a Major Polluter, Moves Closer to Ballot","datePublished":"2024-05-22T11:09:25-07:00","dateModified":"2024-05-22T14:31:28-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprStoryId":"kqed-1992910","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992910/richmond-oil-refining-tax-on-chevron-a-major-polluter-moves-closer-to-ballot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Richmond City Council voted unanimously Tuesday night to direct the city attorney to prepare a ballot measure that would tax oil refining, putting the city one step closer to a tax on the Chevron Refinery sought by environmental justice groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tax would help address an anticipated $34 million budget shortfall for the 2024–25 fiscal year, according to Mayor Eduardo Martinez and Vice Mayor Claudia Jimenez, who cited the harm done by oil refining to the environment and public health in introducing the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron, Richmond’s largest employer and taxpayer, \u003ca href=\"https://www.chevron.com/-/media/chevron/PDF-Reports/Investors/2023-4Q-earnings-pressrelease-.pdf\">netted $21.3 billion in profits\u003c/a> last year and paid $45.9 million in taxes to Richmond in the 2022–23 fiscal year, representing more than 15% of the city’s revenues. Annual revenue from a refining tax could approach $100 million, according to Kerry Guerin, an attorney for Communities for a Better Environment Action, which initially proposed the idea along with the Asian Pacific Environmental Network Action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We support policies that encourage business investment and seek to create a better quality of life for Richmond residents,” Chevron wrote in a statement sent by company spokesperson Caitlin Powell. “That said, we believe the proposed refining tax is the wrong approach to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron called the tax “a hasty proposal, brought forward by one-sided interests” and said it would hinder the company’s ability to improve its facility to better provide clean energy, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Slagle, a spokesperson for California’s main oil industry group, the Western States Petroleum Association, said oil refining is already more expensive in California than anywhere else in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any additional local taxes or regulatory programs could make operations more challenging and expensive, which could lead to higher costs at the pump for all,” Slagle said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Tuesday night’s meeting, Jimenez pushed back on the oil industry assertions and said the new tax revenue would not only fund city operations but also help build green businesses to replace fossil fuel production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we are proposing is not going to break things or just to make them leave,” she said. “What we are proposing is to make sure that we continue to advocate for such a big business with billions of dollars to pay their fair share to Richmond.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil refining is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11981095/chevron-owns-this-citys-news-site-many-stories-arent-told\">the largest single source of pollution in Richmond\u003c/a>, with harmful health effects. Emissions of particulate matter from the Chevron Refinery are responsible for \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/dotgov/files/rules/reg-6-rule-5-particulate-emissions-from-refinery-fluidized-catalytic-cracking-units/2020-amendment/documents/20210525_10_fsr_0605_app_a2-pdf.pdf?la=en\">5 to 11 premature deaths in Richmond\u003c/a> each year, according to estimations by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The air district also cites those emissions as contributing to cardiovascular disease, respiratory illnesses and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma rates for Richmond residents are higher than 90% of other Californians, \u003ca href=\"https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/6b863505f9454cea802f4be0b4b49d62/\">according to state data\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I myself suffer from asthma. My son, who’s 9 years old, is a two-time cancer survivor,” said Sandy Saeteurn, a political director with the Asian Pacific Environmental Network Action and a longtime Richmond resident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the Chevron Refinery is “continuing to pollute our air, our environment, our health. And yet, we are not seeing them as good neighbors. We want to make sure that they’re investing in our city, investing in our residents and the future of our community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11981762,news_11981095,news_11975650","label":"Related Coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Dr. Amanda Millstein, a primary care pediatrician who saw patients for years in Richmond after working in other Bay Area cities, said many parents in the city expect that their children will develop asthma – and added that “they are not wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have lost track of the number of families who have asked me at the initial visit with their 2- or 3-day-old baby, ‘Doctor, does my baby have asthma?’ Or ‘How will I know when my baby has asthma?’” Millstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the dozens of people who spoke during public comment in Tuesday’s city council meeting favored the tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Longtime Richmond resident Raphael Castro recalled witnessing the 2012 Chevron Refinery fire and sealing his windows with wet towels to protect his younger sister from breathing the air “because, in North Richmond, we have a higher risk of our children getting asthma,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Jefferies, a representative of the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, many of whom work in refineries, was more wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not against clean air,” Jefferies said. But he cautioned the council to take stock of the good-paying jobs provided by the refinery and “all the indirect jobs, all the indirect economics that this city enjoys because of those jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond voters passed a tax on refineries in 2008, but the measure was challenged in court and struck down in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Community groups backing this renewed effort said the city can resolve those legal issues this time around. The ballot measure sought by the City Council would go before voters in November.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992910/richmond-oil-refining-tax-on-chevron-a-major-polluter-moves-closer-to-ballot","authors":["8648"],"categories":["science_35","science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5193","science_552","science_4417","science_4414","science_3301","science_553","science_1455"],"featImg":"science_1992911","label":"science"},"science_1992903":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992903","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"science","id":"1992903","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-treasurer-joins-fracas-over-exxons-shareholder-climate-lawsuit","title":"California Treasurer Joins Fracas Over Exxon’s Shareholder Climate Lawsuit","publishDate":1716323876,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Treasurer Joins Fracas Over Exxon’s Shareholder Climate Lawsuit | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A coalition of asset managers and state treasurers, including California’s Fiona Ma, called for a vote against Exxon’s top directors, pushing back on the oil giant for suing a group of its climate-oriented investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in January, Exxon filed a complaint in a Texas court, pressing a judge to block a climate proposal from activist investors Arjuna Capital and Follow This from receiving a vote at its annual board meeting on May 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The typical process for Exxon to adjudicate a dispute over a shareholder proposal lies with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, but the company skipped that step and moved to litigate instead, which Ma’s group called an “unprecedented attack on its own investors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, the group called Tuesday for big banks and global asset managers, including JPMorgan Chase and BlackRock, to vote against Exxon CEO Darren Wood and Lead Independent Director Joseph Hooley next week. A day earlier, CalPERS, the state’s pension fund for its employees, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/page/newsroom/for-the-record/2024/why-calpers-is-voting-against-exxonmobil-board-of-directors\">said it would vote against Exxon’s entire board of directors\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition said it takes “no position on the merits” of the proposal from Arjuna Capital and Follow This, which asked Exxon to reduce emissions from users of its products and set supply chain climate targets, but its members “are deeply concerned that ExxonMobil’s actions are aimed at curtailing an important shareholder right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Ma said that Exxon’s actions “continue to display disregard for shareowners and their right to have a say in the direction of the company.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=science_1992686,science_1985321,news_11961542 label='Related Coverage']Exxon did not immediately respond to a KQED request to comment, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/legal/exxon-files-lawsuit-against-investors-climate-proposal-2024-01-21/\">the company told \u003cem>Reuters\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that Arjuna Capital and Follow This are “driven by an extreme agenda” and that their proposals do not serve investors’ interests or promote long-term shareholder value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, the shareholders could push to remove the leaders of Exxon’s board at the meeting next week, but there is no alternative slate of candidates, so pressure on the vote is largely meant to send a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Exxon’s lawsuit against its activist investors is successful, the repercussions could be “devastating,” CalPERS said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shareholder rights are a cornerstone of CalPERS’ approach to corporate governance and an essential component of our investing principles,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California Treasurer Fiona Ma is part of a coalition pushing big banks to make a symbolic vote against Exxon’s CEO Darren Woods. This effort follows CalPERS' statement that it would vote against the company’s entire board of directors. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1716401965,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":418},"headData":{"title":"California Treasurer Joins Fracas Over Exxon’s Shareholder Climate Lawsuit | KQED","description":"California Treasurer Fiona Ma is part of a coalition pushing big banks to make a symbolic vote against Exxon’s CEO Darren Woods. This effort follows CalPERS' statement that it would vote against the company’s entire board of directors. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Treasurer Joins Fracas Over Exxon’s Shareholder Climate Lawsuit","datePublished":"2024-05-21T13:37:56-07:00","dateModified":"2024-05-22T11:19:25-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprStoryId":"kqed-1992903","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992903/california-treasurer-joins-fracas-over-exxons-shareholder-climate-lawsuit","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A coalition of asset managers and state treasurers, including California’s Fiona Ma, called for a vote against Exxon’s top directors, pushing back on the oil giant for suing a group of its climate-oriented investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in January, Exxon filed a complaint in a Texas court, pressing a judge to block a climate proposal from activist investors Arjuna Capital and Follow This from receiving a vote at its annual board meeting on May 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The typical process for Exxon to adjudicate a dispute over a shareholder proposal lies with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, but the company skipped that step and moved to litigate instead, which Ma’s group called an “unprecedented attack on its own investors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, the group called Tuesday for big banks and global asset managers, including JPMorgan Chase and BlackRock, to vote against Exxon CEO Darren Wood and Lead Independent Director Joseph Hooley next week. A day earlier, CalPERS, the state’s pension fund for its employees, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/page/newsroom/for-the-record/2024/why-calpers-is-voting-against-exxonmobil-board-of-directors\">said it would vote against Exxon’s entire board of directors\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition said it takes “no position on the merits” of the proposal from Arjuna Capital and Follow This, which asked Exxon to reduce emissions from users of its products and set supply chain climate targets, but its members “are deeply concerned that ExxonMobil’s actions are aimed at curtailing an important shareholder right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Ma said that Exxon’s actions “continue to display disregard for shareowners and their right to have a say in the direction of the company.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1992686,science_1985321,news_11961542","label":"Related Coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Exxon did not immediately respond to a KQED request to comment, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/legal/exxon-files-lawsuit-against-investors-climate-proposal-2024-01-21/\">the company told \u003cem>Reuters\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that Arjuna Capital and Follow This are “driven by an extreme agenda” and that their proposals do not serve investors’ interests or promote long-term shareholder value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, the shareholders could push to remove the leaders of Exxon’s board at the meeting next week, but there is no alternative slate of candidates, so pressure on the vote is largely meant to send a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Exxon’s lawsuit against its activist investors is successful, the repercussions could be “devastating,” CalPERS said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shareholder rights are a cornerstone of CalPERS’ approach to corporate governance and an essential component of our investing principles,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992903/california-treasurer-joins-fracas-over-exxons-shareholder-climate-lawsuit","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_182","science_194","science_5315","science_5313","science_5314"],"featImg":"science_1985375","label":"science"},"science_1992929":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992929","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"science","id":"1992929","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"major-california-climate-bond-inches-closer-to-ballot-but-hurdles-remain","title":"Major California Climate Bond Inches Closer to Ballot, but Hurdles Remain","publishDate":1716424511,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Major California Climate Bond Inches Closer to Ballot, but Hurdles Remain | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>California lawmakers are inching closer to deciding what to include in a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1991836/can-californias-climate-bond-weather-the-storm-of-state-deficits\">climate bond that would go before voters in November\u003c/a>, paring it down in the face of significant budgetary pressures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They initially proposed a $15 billion bond in the form of two bills last year to address pressing climate issues, but a new draft from a legislative working group could include variations from $6 billion to $13 billion, said Assemblymember Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) who is co-leading a working group on the bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the state’s rising budget deficit, the proposal could be challenged by competing bond ideas and a shrinking bonding capacity. Its primary opponent is a \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Public_Education_Facilities_Bond_Measure_(2024)\">$14 billion education bond to construct and modernize schools\u003c/a> that Gov. Gavin Newsom has supported, according to Assemblymember Lori Wilson (D-Suisun City), who is co-leading the working group. Lawmakers hope he approves splitting the state’s estimated $20 billion bonding capacity between the two bonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor’s made it clear that the education bond is his highest priority,” Wilson said. “I believe that whatever agreement the Legislature gives him, he will, subsequently, sign off on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than 170 nature and environmental justice-oriented groups are pressing lawmakers and Newsom to ensure the bond is at least $10 billion to address priority areas, including extreme heat, wildfires and sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also competing ideas about what the climate bond should cover. Although the state usually uses bond dollars for long-term benefits such as infrastructure projects, environmental groups would like lawmakers to allot funds for climate efforts and programs — \u003ca href=\"https://abgt.assembly.ca.gov/system/files/2024-05/climate-package-summary.pdf\">electric vehicles, community-based programs, coastal resilience, etc. \u003c/a>— which the governor has cut from his proposed budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California leaders devised a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Fact-Sheet-California-Climate-Commitment.pdf\">$54 billion plan to fight climate change two years ago\u003c/a>. However, they cut over $3 billion from the budget last year and propose more than $6 billion in cuts this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is unfortunate that we’ve had to draw back some of the great wins we’ve had over a couple of years of surpluses as it relates to climate; some of those can be captured in the bond,” Wilson said.[aside postID=news_11966862 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/RS68665_230901-CentralValleyClimateSolutions-40-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg']The working group is reviewing climate cuts to the budget and will prioritize infrastructure projects related to water systems, such as desalination, flood control or levee infrastructure, Wilson and Garcia said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of those proposed cuts could be backfilled by the bond if they meet the criteria of bond law that you’ve got to build stuff, and it’s got to be for public benefit,” Garcia said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers have also said they may include funding for offshore wind in the climate bond. Earlier this year, Assemblymember Rick Chavez Zbur (D-Hollywood) outlined a \u003ca href=\"https://a51.asmdc.org/press-releases/20240502-legislators-coalition-call-1-billion-fund-crucial-seaport-infrastructure\">$1 billion bond for offshore wind\u003c/a> infrastructure that’s on pause “with a promise to consider including the funding request in the larger climate bond,” said Vienna Montague, Zbur’s communications director, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate and environmental groups gathered in front of the State Capitol on Wednesday, calling on the Legislature and the governor \u003ca href=\"https://www.caclimatebond.org/\">to speed up the approval of a climate bond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the nature of the accelerating climate crisis, anything that we need to do but don’t do today is going to create a more damaging and more expensive situation down the line,” said David Weiskopf, senior policy advisor with NextGen California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Young, senior political and organizing director with California Environmental Voters, said he still hopes for a $10 billion bond that returns funding to programs such as Transformative Climate Communities. Newsom previously zeroed out funding for that initiative, which is for community-led neighborhood projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and did not allocate any funding to it in this year’s proposed budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state might be in a budget deficit, and we might be having hard economic times, but the climate doesn’t care,” Young said. “The chances of a climate bond are looking pretty good, and let’s hope that stays that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California lawmakers are coming together to decide whether to move a climate bond forward before voters in November.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1716426865,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":722},"headData":{"title":"Major California Climate Bond Inches Closer to Ballot, but Hurdles Remain | KQED","description":"California lawmakers are coming together to decide whether to move a climate bond forward before voters in November.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Major California Climate Bond Inches Closer to Ballot, but Hurdles Remain","datePublished":"2024-05-22T17:35:11-07:00","dateModified":"2024-05-22T18:14:25-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprStoryId":"kqed-1992929","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992929/major-california-climate-bond-inches-closer-to-ballot-but-hurdles-remain","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California lawmakers are inching closer to deciding what to include in a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1991836/can-californias-climate-bond-weather-the-storm-of-state-deficits\">climate bond that would go before voters in November\u003c/a>, paring it down in the face of significant budgetary pressures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They initially proposed a $15 billion bond in the form of two bills last year to address pressing climate issues, but a new draft from a legislative working group could include variations from $6 billion to $13 billion, said Assemblymember Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) who is co-leading a working group on the bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the state’s rising budget deficit, the proposal could be challenged by competing bond ideas and a shrinking bonding capacity. Its primary opponent is a \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Public_Education_Facilities_Bond_Measure_(2024)\">$14 billion education bond to construct and modernize schools\u003c/a> that Gov. Gavin Newsom has supported, according to Assemblymember Lori Wilson (D-Suisun City), who is co-leading the working group. Lawmakers hope he approves splitting the state’s estimated $20 billion bonding capacity between the two bonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor’s made it clear that the education bond is his highest priority,” Wilson said. “I believe that whatever agreement the Legislature gives him, he will, subsequently, sign off on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than 170 nature and environmental justice-oriented groups are pressing lawmakers and Newsom to ensure the bond is at least $10 billion to address priority areas, including extreme heat, wildfires and sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also competing ideas about what the climate bond should cover. Although the state usually uses bond dollars for long-term benefits such as infrastructure projects, environmental groups would like lawmakers to allot funds for climate efforts and programs — \u003ca href=\"https://abgt.assembly.ca.gov/system/files/2024-05/climate-package-summary.pdf\">electric vehicles, community-based programs, coastal resilience, etc. \u003c/a>— which the governor has cut from his proposed budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California leaders devised a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Fact-Sheet-California-Climate-Commitment.pdf\">$54 billion plan to fight climate change two years ago\u003c/a>. However, they cut over $3 billion from the budget last year and propose more than $6 billion in cuts this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is unfortunate that we’ve had to draw back some of the great wins we’ve had over a couple of years of surpluses as it relates to climate; some of those can be captured in the bond,” Wilson said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11966862","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/RS68665_230901-CentralValleyClimateSolutions-40-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The working group is reviewing climate cuts to the budget and will prioritize infrastructure projects related to water systems, such as desalination, flood control or levee infrastructure, Wilson and Garcia said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of those proposed cuts could be backfilled by the bond if they meet the criteria of bond law that you’ve got to build stuff, and it’s got to be for public benefit,” Garcia said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers have also said they may include funding for offshore wind in the climate bond. Earlier this year, Assemblymember Rick Chavez Zbur (D-Hollywood) outlined a \u003ca href=\"https://a51.asmdc.org/press-releases/20240502-legislators-coalition-call-1-billion-fund-crucial-seaport-infrastructure\">$1 billion bond for offshore wind\u003c/a> infrastructure that’s on pause “with a promise to consider including the funding request in the larger climate bond,” said Vienna Montague, Zbur’s communications director, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate and environmental groups gathered in front of the State Capitol on Wednesday, calling on the Legislature and the governor \u003ca href=\"https://www.caclimatebond.org/\">to speed up the approval of a climate bond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the nature of the accelerating climate crisis, anything that we need to do but don’t do today is going to create a more damaging and more expensive situation down the line,” said David Weiskopf, senior policy advisor with NextGen California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Young, senior political and organizing director with California Environmental Voters, said he still hopes for a $10 billion bond that returns funding to programs such as Transformative Climate Communities. Newsom previously zeroed out funding for that initiative, which is for community-led neighborhood projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and did not allocate any funding to it in this year’s proposed budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state might be in a budget deficit, and we might be having hard economic times, but the climate doesn’t care,” Young said. “The chances of a climate bond are looking pretty good, and let’s hope that stays that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992929/major-california-climate-bond-inches-closer-to-ballot-but-hurdles-remain","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5178","science_2455","science_182","science_4417","science_4414","science_4008"],"featImg":"science_1992942","label":"science"},"science_1992917":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992917","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"science","id":"1992917","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-research-on-antarcticas-thwaites-glacier-could-reshape-sea-level-rise-predictions","title":"New Research on Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier Could Reshape Sea-Level Rise Predictions","publishDate":1716412123,"format":"standard","headTitle":"New Research on Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier Could Reshape Sea-Level Rise Predictions | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A team of scientists says seawater flowing underneath and into gaps in the Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica is contributing to the melting of the massive ice formation — a potentially ominous sign of the coming effects of human-driven climate change from the world’s widest glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas of the glacier may be undergoing “vigorous melting” from warm ocean water caused by climate change, which could lead to even more rapid sea-level rise around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worry is that we are underestimating the speed that the glacier is changing, which would be devastating for coastal communities around the world,” says Christine Dow, a professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada and co-author of the study, in \u003ca href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2024/05/20/uc-irvine-led-team-uncovers-vigorous-melting-at-antarcticas-thwaites-glacier/\">a press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, researchers say more work is needed to fully understand the effects of warm water beneath the ice formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At roughly 80 miles across, Thwaites is the widest glacier in the world and roughly the size of Florida. It has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/03/01/1235354982/scientists-have-new-details-on-an-antarctic-glacier-crucial-to-future-sea-level-\">nicknamed\u003c/a> the “Doomsday Glacier” for the catastrophic effects its thawing could have on global sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, Thwaites loses about 50 billion tons of ice, which comprises roughly 4% of all sea-level rise worldwide, \u003ca href=\"https://thwaitesglacier.org/about/facts\">according to the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration\u003c/a>. One estimate \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0510-8#Sec7\">predicted\u003c/a> that the total loss of Thwaites could cause average global sea levels to surge by more than 2 feet and could cause sea levels to rise even more in \u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/arctic-ice-melting-climate-change/texas-galveston-sea-level-rise.html\">some parts of the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2404766121\">the study\u003c/a> published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>, the team of glaciologists used radar data taken between March and June of last year by Finland’s ICEYE commercial satellite program to better understand what’s happening below the surface of the glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that seawater flows in and away from the glacier with the tides, mixing with freshwater, but some of that warm ocean water also travels deep beneath the ice formation, going “through natural conduits” or collecting “in cavities” and becoming trapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are places where the water is almost at the pressure of the overlying ice, so just a little more pressure is needed to push up the ice,” says UC Irvine professor of Earth system science Eric Rignot, the study’s lead author. “The water is then squeezed enough to jack up a column of more than half a mile of ice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That salty seawater near the South Pole has a lower freezing point (28 F) than freshwater, which could further contribute to glacial melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow suggested that additional ice sheet modeling could help scientists better understand what’s happening under these major glaciers and develop a more precise timeline of expected sea-level rise across the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This work will help people adapt to changing ocean levels, along with focusing on reducing carbon emissions to prevent the worst-case scenario,” Dow says.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"At 80 miles across, Thwaites is the world's widest glacier. It has been nicknamed the \"Doomsday Glacier\" for the catastrophic effects its thawing could have on global sea-level rise.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1716412968,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":504},"headData":{"title":"New Research on Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier Could Reshape Sea-Level Rise Predictions | KQED","description":"At 80 miles across, Thwaites is the world's widest glacier. It has been nicknamed the "Doomsday Glacier" for the catastrophic effects its thawing could have on global sea-level rise.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Research on Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier Could Reshape Sea-Level Rise Predictions","datePublished":"2024-05-22T14:08:43-07:00","dateModified":"2024-05-22T14:22:48-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Joe Hernandez","nprStoryId":"1252727848","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2024/05/21/1252727848/antarctica-thwaites-glacier-climate-change-sea-level-rise","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"2024-05-21T16:40:05-04:00","nprStoryDate":"2024-05-21T16:40:05-04:00","nprLastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T17:31:52-04:00","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992917/new-research-on-antarcticas-thwaites-glacier-could-reshape-sea-level-rise-predictions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A team of scientists says seawater flowing underneath and into gaps in the Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica is contributing to the melting of the massive ice formation — a potentially ominous sign of the coming effects of human-driven climate change from the world’s widest glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas of the glacier may be undergoing “vigorous melting” from warm ocean water caused by climate change, which could lead to even more rapid sea-level rise around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worry is that we are underestimating the speed that the glacier is changing, which would be devastating for coastal communities around the world,” says Christine Dow, a professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada and co-author of the study, in \u003ca href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2024/05/20/uc-irvine-led-team-uncovers-vigorous-melting-at-antarcticas-thwaites-glacier/\">a press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, researchers say more work is needed to fully understand the effects of warm water beneath the ice formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At roughly 80 miles across, Thwaites is the widest glacier in the world and roughly the size of Florida. It has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/03/01/1235354982/scientists-have-new-details-on-an-antarctic-glacier-crucial-to-future-sea-level-\">nicknamed\u003c/a> the “Doomsday Glacier” for the catastrophic effects its thawing could have on global sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, Thwaites loses about 50 billion tons of ice, which comprises roughly 4% of all sea-level rise worldwide, \u003ca href=\"https://thwaitesglacier.org/about/facts\">according to the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration\u003c/a>. One estimate \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0510-8#Sec7\">predicted\u003c/a> that the total loss of Thwaites could cause average global sea levels to surge by more than 2 feet and could cause sea levels to rise even more in \u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/arctic-ice-melting-climate-change/texas-galveston-sea-level-rise.html\">some parts of the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2404766121\">the study\u003c/a> published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>, the team of glaciologists used radar data taken between March and June of last year by Finland’s ICEYE commercial satellite program to better understand what’s happening below the surface of the glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that seawater flows in and away from the glacier with the tides, mixing with freshwater, but some of that warm ocean water also travels deep beneath the ice formation, going “through natural conduits” or collecting “in cavities” and becoming trapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are places where the water is almost at the pressure of the overlying ice, so just a little more pressure is needed to push up the ice,” says UC Irvine professor of Earth system science Eric Rignot, the study’s lead author. “The water is then squeezed enough to jack up a column of more than half a mile of ice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That salty seawater near the South Pole has a lower freezing point (28 F) than freshwater, which could further contribute to glacial melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow suggested that additional ice sheet modeling could help scientists better understand what’s happening under these major glaciers and develop a more precise timeline of expected sea-level rise across the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This work will help people adapt to changing ocean levels, along with focusing on reducing carbon emissions to prevent the worst-case scenario,” Dow says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992917/new-research-on-antarcticas-thwaites-glacier-could-reshape-sea-level-rise-predictions","authors":["byline_science_1992917"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5316","science_194","science_5317","science_206"],"featImg":"science_1992918","label":"source_science_1992917"},"science_1992868":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992868","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"science","id":"1992868","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-sea-otters-lose-their-favorite-foods-they-can-use-tools-to-go-after-new-ones","title":"When Sea Otters Lose Their Favorite Foods, They Can Use Tools To Go after New Ones","publishDate":1716301839,"format":"standard","headTitle":"When Sea Otters Lose Their Favorite Foods, They Can Use Tools To Go after New Ones | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>In parts of the ocean where sea otters face stark competition for their favorite kinds of food, some otters are getting by with the help of tools — like rocks and even glass bottles — that let them bash open tougher prey that they wouldn’t otherwise be able to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj6608\">study\u003c/a> of sea otters in Monterey Bay, California, which looked at the tool use of individual otters to see how it affected their health and nutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published in the journal \u003cem>Science,\u003c/em> reveal how this special skill set may increase their chances of survival in an uncertain world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea otters are large marine mammals that spend their days foraging in kelp forests. They dive to the bottom to grab tasty morsels, plus sometimes rocks that they plan to use as tools. They bring these to the surface and float on their backs, using their bellies as tables as they get to work on opening and eating their snacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/05/17/female_rock_anvil_clam_montereybayaquarium-b0def216156ea3d29e9494e0a0f699b628adcc34.jpg?s=1200&c=75&f=jpeg\" alt=\"A female sea otter floats in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California, with an anvil-like rock on her belly that she will use to help open the clam that she holds in her forepaws.\">\u003cfigcaption>A female sea otter floats in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California, with an anvil-like rock on her belly that she will use to help open the clam that she holds in her forepaws. \u003ccite>(Jessica Fujii)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Their preferred prey are usually urchins and abalone,” says \u003ca href=\"https://chrisjlaw.github.io/\">Chris Law\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of Texas and the University of Washington, who notes that urchins and abalone are relatively easy for otters to break apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in places where lots of otters live together in Monterey Bay, “unfortunately, all those prey items have been declining or have declined,” Law says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there are areas with an over-abundance of urchins — the so-called “urchin barrens” where urchins have eaten all the kelp. Since the kelp is gone, however, these urchins no longer have a good food supply and are thus calorie-poor. They offer little nutritional value for otters, who aren’t interested in consuming these so-called “zombie urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that means otters have to eat alternative foods,” Law says. “A lot of those alternative foods are those super-hard-shell prey items that really require some kind of external force to break into.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snails, for example, are abundant in the bay, but they’re low-calorie and “basically like a rock that you have to break into to eat the insides,” Law says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While sea otters are known for using tools, not all individuals actually wield them. Some otters forgo them entirely and simply specialize in eating soft prey. Some otters use tools occasionally, while others use them most of the time that they’re foraging for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were interested in this tool use variation,” Law says, so he and some colleagues analyzed data on 196 otters in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tagged otters get closely monitored by volunteer “otter spotters.” That means researchers know what they’re eating, how big and hard the prey is, and whether the otter used a tool to eat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that frequent tool users could eat harder and larger prey, according to a report in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. This was particularly important for female otters since they’re smaller than males and cannot bite down with as much force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They typically wouldn’t be able to break into harder prey,” Law says. “But they use tools more than males, so they’re able to gain access to these novel sources of food items.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, using tools protected the otters’ teeth. The researchers were able to get dental assessments on their otters and found that tool users had less dental damage from crunching down on hard shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without their teeth, they clearly can’t eat anything. So then they die. What we’re suggesting is that this behavior really allowed them to continue living on despite not having their preferred prey,” Law says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He explains that some otters learn to specialize in eating hard, low-calorie snails, using tools very frequently to “basically become really, really, really good at processing lots and lots and lots of snails every day” instead of searching for high-calorie foods that don’t require tools to open but are in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is such an important paper,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.indianapoliszoo.com/about-the-zoo/\">Rob Shumaker\u003c/a>, president and CEO of the Indianapolis Zoo and one of the authors of a book called \u003cem>Animal Tool Behavior.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says scientists have spent decades documenting tool use in dozens of species; tool use in sea otters, for example, has been recognized since the 1960s. But now, studies like this one show that this research field is starting to shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not about describing the actual tool use or tool manufacture anymore,” Shumaker says. “It’s describing the impact that it has on that animal’s life.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some otters rely on tools to bust open hard-shelled prey items like snails, and a new study suggests this tool use is helping them to survive as their favorite, easier-to-eat foods disappear.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1716253489,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":845},"headData":{"title":"When Sea Otters Lose Their Favorite Foods, They Can Use Tools To Go after New Ones | KQED","description":"Some otters rely on tools to bust open hard-shelled prey items like snails, and a new study suggests this tool use is helping them to survive as their favorite, easier-to-eat foods disappear.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"When Sea Otters Lose Their Favorite Foods, They Can Use Tools To Go after New Ones","datePublished":"2024-05-21T07:30:39-07:00","dateModified":"2024-05-20T18:04:49-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Nell Greenfieldboyce","nprStoryId":"1252214990","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2024/05/20/1252214990/sea-otters-tool-use-favorite-foods-disappearing","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"2024-05-20T05:00:43-04:00","nprStoryDate":"2024-05-20T05:00:43-04:00","nprLastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T10:55:58-04:00","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2024/05/20240520_me_when_sea_otters_lose_their_favorite_foods_they_can_use_tools_to_go_after_new_ones.mp3?d=214&size=3434415&e=1252214990&t=progseg&seg=13&p=3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992868/when-sea-otters-lose-their-favorite-foods-they-can-use-tools-to-go-after-new-ones","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2024/05/20240520_me_when_sea_otters_lose_their_favorite_foods_they_can_use_tools_to_go_after_new_ones.mp3?d=214&size=3434415&e=1252214990&t=progseg&seg=13&p=3","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In parts of the ocean where sea otters face stark competition for their favorite kinds of food, some otters are getting by with the help of tools — like rocks and even glass bottles — that let them bash open tougher prey that they wouldn’t otherwise be able to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj6608\">study\u003c/a> of sea otters in Monterey Bay, California, which looked at the tool use of individual otters to see how it affected their health and nutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published in the journal \u003cem>Science,\u003c/em> reveal how this special skill set may increase their chances of survival in an uncertain world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea otters are large marine mammals that spend their days foraging in kelp forests. They dive to the bottom to grab tasty morsels, plus sometimes rocks that they plan to use as tools. They bring these to the surface and float on their backs, using their bellies as tables as they get to work on opening and eating their snacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/05/17/female_rock_anvil_clam_montereybayaquarium-b0def216156ea3d29e9494e0a0f699b628adcc34.jpg?s=1200&c=75&f=jpeg\" alt=\"A female sea otter floats in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California, with an anvil-like rock on her belly that she will use to help open the clam that she holds in her forepaws.\">\u003cfigcaption>A female sea otter floats in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California, with an anvil-like rock on her belly that she will use to help open the clam that she holds in her forepaws. \u003ccite>(Jessica Fujii)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Their preferred prey are usually urchins and abalone,” says \u003ca href=\"https://chrisjlaw.github.io/\">Chris Law\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of Texas and the University of Washington, who notes that urchins and abalone are relatively easy for otters to break apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in places where lots of otters live together in Monterey Bay, “unfortunately, all those prey items have been declining or have declined,” Law says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there are areas with an over-abundance of urchins — the so-called “urchin barrens” where urchins have eaten all the kelp. Since the kelp is gone, however, these urchins no longer have a good food supply and are thus calorie-poor. They offer little nutritional value for otters, who aren’t interested in consuming these so-called “zombie urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that means otters have to eat alternative foods,” Law says. “A lot of those alternative foods are those super-hard-shell prey items that really require some kind of external force to break into.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snails, for example, are abundant in the bay, but they’re low-calorie and “basically like a rock that you have to break into to eat the insides,” Law says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While sea otters are known for using tools, not all individuals actually wield them. Some otters forgo them entirely and simply specialize in eating soft prey. Some otters use tools occasionally, while others use them most of the time that they’re foraging for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were interested in this tool use variation,” Law says, so he and some colleagues analyzed data on 196 otters in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tagged otters get closely monitored by volunteer “otter spotters.” That means researchers know what they’re eating, how big and hard the prey is, and whether the otter used a tool to eat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that frequent tool users could eat harder and larger prey, according to a report in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. This was particularly important for female otters since they’re smaller than males and cannot bite down with as much force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They typically wouldn’t be able to break into harder prey,” Law says. “But they use tools more than males, so they’re able to gain access to these novel sources of food items.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, using tools protected the otters’ teeth. The researchers were able to get dental assessments on their otters and found that tool users had less dental damage from crunching down on hard shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without their teeth, they clearly can’t eat anything. So then they die. What we’re suggesting is that this behavior really allowed them to continue living on despite not having their preferred prey,” Law says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He explains that some otters learn to specialize in eating hard, low-calorie snails, using tools very frequently to “basically become really, really, really good at processing lots and lots and lots of snails every day” instead of searching for high-calorie foods that don’t require tools to open but are in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is such an important paper,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.indianapoliszoo.com/about-the-zoo/\">Rob Shumaker\u003c/a>, president and CEO of the Indianapolis Zoo and one of the authors of a book called \u003cem>Animal Tool Behavior.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says scientists have spent decades documenting tool use in dozens of species; tool use in sea otters, for example, has been recognized since the 1960s. But now, studies like this one show that this research field is starting to shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not about describing the actual tool use or tool manufacture anymore,” Shumaker says. “It’s describing the impact that it has on that animal’s life.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992868/when-sea-otters-lose-their-favorite-foods-they-can-use-tools-to-go-after-new-ones","authors":["byline_science_1992868"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_119","science_5308","science_5311"],"featImg":"science_1992869","label":"science"},"science_1992415":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992415","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"science","id":"1992415","found":true},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1713554494,"format":"standard","title":"Same-Sex Couples Face Higher Climate Change Risks, New UCLA Study Shows","headTitle":"Same-Sex Couples Face Higher Climate Change Risks, New UCLA Study Shows | KQED","content":"\u003cp>Same-sex couples have a significant risk of exposure to the adverse effects of climate change — wildfires, floods, smoke-filled skies, drought, etc. — compared to straight couples, according to\u003ca href=\"https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/climate-change-risk-lgbt/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Read%20the%20report&utm_campaign=Press%3A%20Climate%20Change\"> a new report by the Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research cuts against the narratives that LGBT people often live in safe pockets of coastal cities where they have access to all the resources that they need,” said Ari Shaw, study co-author, senior fellow and director of International Programs at the Williams Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LGBTQ same-sex couples who live together frequently reside in coastal areas, large cities and places with infrastructure ill-equipped for climate-related disasters. All of this makes queer couples more vulnerable to climate hazards, Shaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors found that San Francisco County, behind the District of Columbia, has the second-highest proportion of same-sex couples in the country and a relatively high risk of national hazards complicating life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco ranks among the highest in terms of its risk exposure to the effects of climate change,” Shaw said. “The experience of folks living in parts of the city that are more prone to flooding and these sorts of natural disasters is borne out in the data as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that LGBTQ people often live in concentrated urban areas like San Francisco is essential because Bay Area climate scientists recently found that human-caused climate change will cause atmospheric rivers to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094722000275\">become 37% wetter by the end of the century\u003c/a>. These storms can cause significant flooding, and KQED reporting from 2023 found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983299/san-franciscos-aging-infrastructure-isnt-ready-for-its-wetter-future\">San Francisco’s infrastructure\u003c/a> isn’t prepared for future storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On New Year’s Eve 2002, parts of San Francisco’s Leather & LGBTQ Cultural District flooded during an atmospheric river that swamped the region. The nearest grocery store to the area, Rainbow Grocery, also flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Our findings probably understate the true impact’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The researchers relied on a mix of U.S. Census data and climate risk assessment data from NASA and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaw said his team considered same-sex couples because the U.S. Census gathers information on cohabitating same-sex households but does not broadly collect sexual orientation or gender data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1991453\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A view of a residential neighborhood with a sandy coastline on the other side of a road.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sandy path leads from Ocean Beach to the Great Highway and the Sunset District in San Francisco on Feb. 14, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This study helps to shine a light on what is likely a much larger and more complicated picture,” he said. “Our findings probably understate the true impact that climate change is having on LGBTQ people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research moves the needle in helping the nation understand who is at risk of climate disasters, UC Irvine sociology professor Michael Méndez said. He previously studied how \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1978439/queer-communities-often-left-out-of-disaster-planning-research-shows\">queer communities are often left out\u003c/a> of disaster planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The needle is moving slowly,” Méndez said. “These disasters are not happening in isolation. If an individual is feeling discrimination, or a lack of safety in their home and a disaster happens, they can feel even more vulnerable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what Méndez said the study doesn’t reveal is who the same-sex couples are in terms of race, income and their positions in society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could’ve gone a little further in terms of highlighting that, just because you’re LGBTQ and you’re in a geographic area that has a higher propensity for climate risks, does not necessarily make you socially vulnerable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Sen. Steve Padilla (D-San Diego) announced SB 990, which would establish best practices for state and local governments when addressing the needs of the LGBTQ community after a disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The values we have fought so hard to uphold cannot disappear at the first sight of trouble,” Padilla said in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Solutions are possible\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The study authors recommend that policymakers, cities and providers ensure that disaster relief is accessible and given without discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression.[aside postID=science_1992222 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/GettyImages-2092455726-1020x693.jpg']Solutions could include safe shelters, access to medication and financial aid for displaced LGBTQ people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the study found that LGBTQ people often live in areas with poor infrastructure and lack resources to respond to climate change, the researchers suggest cities expand green spaces and enhance structural resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Policies should focus on mitigating discriminatory housing and urban development practices, making shelters safe spaces for LGBTQ people, and ensuring that relief aid reaches displaced LGBTQ individuals,” Shaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also suggest that state and federal surveys, like the U.S. Census, need to include “measures of sexual orientation and gender identity to increase the scope and granularity of information available on LGBTQ people, including assessments of climate risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":835,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":22},"modified":1713740355,"excerpt":"LGBTQ people in same-sex couples are at greater risk of exposure to the negative effects of climate change compared to straight couples, according to a new study.","headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"LGBTQ people in same-sex couples are at greater risk of exposure to the negative effects of climate change compared to straight couples, according to a new study.","title":"Same-Sex Couples Face Higher Climate Change Risks, New UCLA Study Shows | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Same-Sex Couples Face Higher Climate Change Risks, New UCLA Study Shows","datePublished":"2024-04-19T12:21:34-07:00","dateModified":"2024-04-21T15:59:15-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"same-sex-couples-face-higher-climate-change-risks-new-ucla-study-shows","status":"publish","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","sticky":false,"articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992415/same-sex-couples-face-higher-climate-change-risks-new-ucla-study-shows","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Same-sex couples have a significant risk of exposure to the adverse effects of climate change — wildfires, floods, smoke-filled skies, drought, etc. — compared to straight couples, according to\u003ca href=\"https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/climate-change-risk-lgbt/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Read%20the%20report&utm_campaign=Press%3A%20Climate%20Change\"> a new report by the Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research cuts against the narratives that LGBT people often live in safe pockets of coastal cities where they have access to all the resources that they need,” said Ari Shaw, study co-author, senior fellow and director of International Programs at the Williams Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LGBTQ same-sex couples who live together frequently reside in coastal areas, large cities and places with infrastructure ill-equipped for climate-related disasters. All of this makes queer couples more vulnerable to climate hazards, Shaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors found that San Francisco County, behind the District of Columbia, has the second-highest proportion of same-sex couples in the country and a relatively high risk of national hazards complicating life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco ranks among the highest in terms of its risk exposure to the effects of climate change,” Shaw said. “The experience of folks living in parts of the city that are more prone to flooding and these sorts of natural disasters is borne out in the data as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that LGBTQ people often live in concentrated urban areas like San Francisco is essential because Bay Area climate scientists recently found that human-caused climate change will cause atmospheric rivers to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094722000275\">become 37% wetter by the end of the century\u003c/a>. These storms can cause significant flooding, and KQED reporting from 2023 found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983299/san-franciscos-aging-infrastructure-isnt-ready-for-its-wetter-future\">San Francisco’s infrastructure\u003c/a> isn’t prepared for future storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On New Year’s Eve 2002, parts of San Francisco’s Leather & LGBTQ Cultural District flooded during an atmospheric river that swamped the region. The nearest grocery store to the area, Rainbow Grocery, also flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Our findings probably understate the true impact’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The researchers relied on a mix of U.S. Census data and climate risk assessment data from NASA and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaw said his team considered same-sex couples because the U.S. Census gathers information on cohabitating same-sex households but does not broadly collect sexual orientation or gender data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1991453\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A view of a residential neighborhood with a sandy coastline on the other side of a road.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sandy path leads from Ocean Beach to the Great Highway and the Sunset District in San Francisco on Feb. 14, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This study helps to shine a light on what is likely a much larger and more complicated picture,” he said. “Our findings probably understate the true impact that climate change is having on LGBTQ people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research moves the needle in helping the nation understand who is at risk of climate disasters, UC Irvine sociology professor Michael Méndez said. He previously studied how \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1978439/queer-communities-often-left-out-of-disaster-planning-research-shows\">queer communities are often left out\u003c/a> of disaster planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The needle is moving slowly,” Méndez said. “These disasters are not happening in isolation. If an individual is feeling discrimination, or a lack of safety in their home and a disaster happens, they can feel even more vulnerable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what Méndez said the study doesn’t reveal is who the same-sex couples are in terms of race, income and their positions in society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could’ve gone a little further in terms of highlighting that, just because you’re LGBTQ and you’re in a geographic area that has a higher propensity for climate risks, does not necessarily make you socially vulnerable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Sen. Steve Padilla (D-San Diego) announced SB 990, which would establish best practices for state and local governments when addressing the needs of the LGBTQ community after a disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The values we have fought so hard to uphold cannot disappear at the first sight of trouble,” Padilla said in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Solutions are possible\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The study authors recommend that policymakers, cities and providers ensure that disaster relief is accessible and given without discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1992222","hero":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/GettyImages-2092455726-1020x693.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Solutions could include safe shelters, access to medication and financial aid for displaced LGBTQ people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the study found that LGBTQ people often live in areas with poor infrastructure and lack resources to respond to climate change, the researchers suggest cities expand green spaces and enhance structural resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Policies should focus on mitigating discriminatory housing and urban development practices, making shelters safe spaces for LGBTQ people, and ensuring that relief aid reaches displaced LGBTQ individuals,” Shaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also suggest that state and federal surveys, like the U.S. Census, need to include “measures of sexual orientation and gender identity to increase the scope and granularity of information available on LGBTQ people, including assessments of climate risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992415/same-sex-couples-face-higher-climate-change-risks-new-ucla-study-shows","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_603","science_4417","science_4414","science_5183"],"featImg":"science_1992422","label":"science"},"science_1446777":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1446777","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"science","id":"1446777","found":true},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"science","term":1935},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1489496402,"format":"video","title":"Everything You Never Wanted to Know About Snail Sex","headTitle":"Everything You Never Wanted to Know About Snail Sex | KQED","content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The recent heavy rains in California have been good for the drought. But it’s not just people who are celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown garden snails, which originated in the Mediterranean where the climate resembles much of California’s, thrive in moist places. If it’s too cold or too dry, they hunker down in their shells and wait for a wet spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the rain, when everything’s nice and damp, like it is now, snails re-emerge. That’s when love is in the air. But the sex life of these common snails is anything but ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they’re hermaphrodites, fitted with both male and female reproductive plumbing, and can mate with any member of their species they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds easy, but the battle of the sexes is alive and well in gastropods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447017\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447017\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fundamental problem for snails, who are both male and female at the same time, is how you optimize both your male function and your female function,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Roth2/publications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barry Roth, \u003c/a>a former collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/?gclid=CM_Omev1utICFQmIfgodVAkI3g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> who’s now an independent snail and slug consultant in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nature, fatherhood is easier. It’s the quickest, cheapest way to pass on your genes. Motherhood requires a much greater investment of time, energy, and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Courtship is how they sort that out,” Roth said. “Who’s going to be male? Who’s going to be female? Or is it going to be shared?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With garden snails, “courtship” is somewhat euphemistic. Their idea of foreplay is to stab each other with a tiny spike called a love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the play-by-play. Snails find mates using taste and smell. By waving their upper tentacles in the air—smelling—and tapping their lower ones on the ground—tasting—they pick up on the gooey trails of potential partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they follow the slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For a detailed look at the many uses of slime, checkout this episode of Deep Look, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHvCQSGanJg&list=PLdKlciEDdCQBpNSC7BIONruffF_ab4cqK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Banana Slugs: Secret of the Slime.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1447013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\" alt=\"Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When snails meet, the tasting and smelling continue, this time with full-body contact, sometimes for hours. Call it heavy petting or extreme vetting, snails take the time to get to know their partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in this courtship is wine and roses at first—then comes the love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically called a gypsobelum, the love dart is a nail-clipping-sized needle that stays hidden in an internal sac until about half an hour before copulation begins, when the sac inverts and it’s fired, or stabbed, indiscriminately into the partner’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being stabbed by the male dart makes you more of a female-oriented partner in that courtship,” said Roth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447011\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg\" alt='Garden snails stab each other with \"love darts\" before copulation.' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garden snails stab each other with “love darts” before copulation. \u003ccite>(Koene & Schulenburg 2005 BMC Evol. Biol.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The love dart is the snails’ tool for maximizing their male side. It injects hormones to prevent the other snail’s body from killing newly introduced sperm once copulation begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginal tracts. Both snails in a pairing transfer sperm, but whichever snail got in the best shot with the dart has a better chance of ultimately fertilizing eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some species, only one snail fires a love dart, but in others, like the garden snail, both do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole reproductive system is a quite a maze,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.joriskoene.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joris Koene,\u003c/a> a gastropod researcher at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can spot love darts sticking out of snails in mid-courtship, and even find them abandoned in slime puddles where mating has been happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scale it up to human size and the love dart would be the equivalent of a 15-inch knife, according to Koene. Nonetheless, he’s only seen one snail die by dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does make a pretty decent-sized hole in the body,” he said, “but in general, they are fine. They’re used to this, I guess.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447072\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden. \u003ccite>(Jen Brady / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":748,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":25},"modified":1704928992,"excerpt":"Besides having both boy and girl parts, they stab each other with “love darts” as a kind of foreplay.","headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"Besides having both boy and girl parts, they stab each other with “love darts” as a kind of foreplay.","title":"Everything You Never Wanted to Know About Snail Sex | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Everything You Never Wanted to Know About Snail Sex","datePublished":"2017-03-14T06:00:02-07:00","dateModified":"2024-01-10T15:23:12-08:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex","status":"publish","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/UOcLaI44TXA","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1446777/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The recent heavy rains in California have been good for the drought. But it’s not just people who are celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown garden snails, which originated in the Mediterranean where the climate resembles much of California’s, thrive in moist places. If it’s too cold or too dry, they hunker down in their shells and wait for a wet spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the rain, when everything’s nice and damp, like it is now, snails re-emerge. That’s when love is in the air. But the sex life of these common snails is anything but ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they’re hermaphrodites, fitted with both male and female reproductive plumbing, and can mate with any member of their species they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds easy, but the battle of the sexes is alive and well in gastropods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447017\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447017\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fundamental problem for snails, who are both male and female at the same time, is how you optimize both your male function and your female function,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Roth2/publications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barry Roth, \u003c/a>a former collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/?gclid=CM_Omev1utICFQmIfgodVAkI3g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> who’s now an independent snail and slug consultant in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nature, fatherhood is easier. It’s the quickest, cheapest way to pass on your genes. Motherhood requires a much greater investment of time, energy, and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Courtship is how they sort that out,” Roth said. “Who’s going to be male? Who’s going to be female? Or is it going to be shared?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With garden snails, “courtship” is somewhat euphemistic. Their idea of foreplay is to stab each other with a tiny spike called a love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the play-by-play. Snails find mates using taste and smell. By waving their upper tentacles in the air—smelling—and tapping their lower ones on the ground—tasting—they pick up on the gooey trails of potential partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they follow the slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For a detailed look at the many uses of slime, checkout this episode of Deep Look, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHvCQSGanJg&list=PLdKlciEDdCQBpNSC7BIONruffF_ab4cqK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Banana Slugs: Secret of the Slime.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1447013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\" alt=\"Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When snails meet, the tasting and smelling continue, this time with full-body contact, sometimes for hours. Call it heavy petting or extreme vetting, snails take the time to get to know their partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in this courtship is wine and roses at first—then comes the love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically called a gypsobelum, the love dart is a nail-clipping-sized needle that stays hidden in an internal sac until about half an hour before copulation begins, when the sac inverts and it’s fired, or stabbed, indiscriminately into the partner’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being stabbed by the male dart makes you more of a female-oriented partner in that courtship,” said Roth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447011\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg\" alt='Garden snails stab each other with \"love darts\" before copulation.' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garden snails stab each other with “love darts” before copulation. \u003ccite>(Koene & Schulenburg 2005 BMC Evol. Biol.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The love dart is the snails’ tool for maximizing their male side. It injects hormones to prevent the other snail’s body from killing newly introduced sperm once copulation begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginal tracts. Both snails in a pairing transfer sperm, but whichever snail got in the best shot with the dart has a better chance of ultimately fertilizing eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some species, only one snail fires a love dart, but in others, like the garden snail, both do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole reproductive system is a quite a maze,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.joriskoene.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joris Koene,\u003c/a> a gastropod researcher at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can spot love darts sticking out of snails in mid-courtship, and even find them abandoned in slime puddles where mating has been happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scale it up to human size and the love dart would be the equivalent of a 15-inch knife, according to Koene. Nonetheless, he’s only seen one snail die by dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does make a pretty decent-sized hole in the body,” he said, “but in general, they are fine. They’re used to this, I guess.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447072\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden. \u003ccite>(Jen Brady / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1446777/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex","authors":["11090"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_35","science_40","science_86"],"tags":["science_179"],"featImg":"science_1467862","label":"science_1935"},"science_1918301":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1918301","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"science","id":"1918301","found":true},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1513238497,"format":"image","title":"What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?","headTitle":"What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay? | KQED","content":"\u003cp>Passengers flying into Bay Area airports usually spot them out the window: huge, colorful ponds, hugging the shoreline of the bay. The patchwork of brown, green and pink looks like a bizarre quilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re known as the “salt ponds,” and Bay Curious listener Ann Vercoutere has wondered about them since her childhood in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’d drive by on the old Bayshore Freeway, you’d see these big piles of salt,” she says. “So, my question is: what’s the process of how they go from dirty bay water into salt that comes out white from my salt shaker?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>143 Billion Bowls of Popcorn\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Those giant piles of salt actually hold of piece of the Bay Area’s history going back to the Gold Rush and reflect the legacy of environmental change since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, they also hold a lot of seasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The salt stack is 80 feet tall and about 800 feet wide,” says Maria Alizo-Martell of Cargill, Inc., standing next to the 500,000-ton pile. By rough estimate, it would season 143 billion bowls of popcorn, give or take, depending on how salty you like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The piles are at Cargill’s Newark facility, where the final harvest takes place. But it begins in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salty water from the bay is captured in vast ponds, where it starts to evaporate because of heat from the sun and drying by the wind. At first, the ponds are green or brownish in color, like the bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918307\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1918307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/SP_V05_171212.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation shows the movement of reddish salt brine through Cargill’s Newark ponds over the course of 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by Planet)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the salt water becomes more concentrated, it’s moved into other ponds where the color becomes more yellowish. Finally, in the last stage, the “pickle” brine, as it’s known, starts turning pink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We like pink,” says Alizo-Martell with a chuckle, walking across a shallow pond with an inch of pink water. It covers a thick layer of crusty salt and looks like a giant, raspberry snow cone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/bay-curious/2017/12/salt-ponds.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/12/3526386886_f2139fe9ab_o-e1513209482229.jpg\" Title=\"LISTEN: What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?\" program=\"Bay Curious\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Don’t Call it a “Salt Pond”\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“This is what we call a crystallizer bed,” says Cargill’s Pat Mapelli. “This is very engineered, managed and manicured, where everything has been rolled, graded, sloped and compacted. Whereas a salt pond is essentially a diked off area that has been flooded with salt water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vibrant pink hue comes from a natural source: halobacterium and microscopic algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the water gets saltier, some microbes can’t hack it and they die off. But others are specially adapted to salty conditions and they flourish, changing the color of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918310\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt-loving microbes color the water before harvest. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they get stressed as the salinity increases, they produce that red color,” says Alizo-Martell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The saltier the water, the redder the microbes get. That color aids in the salt-making process by absorbing sunlight and increasing evaporation. Clear water doesn’t absorb as much light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once several inches of salt form, Cargill begins the harvest, which lasts from September to December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just beautiful,” says Alizo-Martell, picking up a handful of the flaky, white cubes. “It’s so weather dependent. You had a bad year, you get not much salt.” A lot of rain slows down the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918312\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The massive salt stack in Newark holds 500,000 tons. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In all, it takes three years and a thousand gallons of bay water to produce just one pound of salt. From here, it goes to a refinery where it’s cleaned, sized and sold as sea salt, bearing the Morton’s or Diamond Crystal brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only 3 percent of the salt ends up on our table. The rest supplies a huge range of industrial processes, from pharmaceuticals to food production, water treatment and road salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Gold Rush History\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, the Bay Area may not be what it is today without its salt. Harvesting salt from the Bay dates back to Native American groups like the Ohlone, but demand really picked up in the 1850s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As people migrated from the east to the west, mostly around the discovery of gold, there was a need for salt,” says Mapelli. “Everybody traveled with salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without refrigeration, salt was how people preserved food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was almost worth its weight in gold,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salt-making boomed through the 1970s, when Cargill bought the operation. 44,000 acres of the bay were in production then, but today, it’s just 8,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the market for salt shifted and so did our view of what San Francisco Bay should be. The salt ponds used to be marshes, which, around the time of the Gold Rush, were seen as wasteland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only three percent ends up as table salt. The rest goes to industry. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There was an encouragement by both the state and federal government to put what they considered wasteland or swamp and overflow lands into economic use,” Mapelli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Bay has lost more than 80 percent of its marshes. So, in 2003, the federal and state governments bought thousands of acres of ponds from Cargill. In the biggest ecosystem restoration project on the West Coast, the ponds are being reconnected to the Bay and restored to their original status as marshlands to support wildlife and act as buffers against rising sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Bay Curious questioner Ann Vercoutere, the ponds are one of the few things that haven’t changed from her childhood in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was a kid in Mountain View, “there were lots of orchards around,” she says. “Some of our summer jobs were going to work picking Italian prune plums with the migrant workers. Shoreline Amphitheater was the city dump. That was always a fun Saturday to go with our dad and pick through the dump and look for stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the salt ponds border some of the most expensive real estate in the nation, not far from gleaming tech campuses. The chances of starting a large, industrial salt-making operation in the Bay today are effectively zilch, for financial and environmental reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the long, colorful history, Cargill still holds rights to make salt, which really, is the only way salt-harvesting has stuck around amid the intense development pressure of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\n","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":true,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":1179,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":33},"modified":1704928268,"excerpt":"The answer might be sitting on your kitchen table right now.","headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"The answer might be sitting on your kitchen table right now.","title":"What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay? | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?","datePublished":"2017-12-14T00:01:37-08:00","dateModified":"2024-01-10T15:11:08-08:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-are-those-weird-pink-ponds-in-san-francisco-bay","status":"publish","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/12/WEBversionSaltPondswithfunder.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","sticky":false,"source":"Bay Curious","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1918301/what-are-those-weird-pink-ponds-in-san-francisco-bay","audioDuration":475000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Passengers flying into Bay Area airports usually spot them out the window: huge, colorful ponds, hugging the shoreline of the bay. The patchwork of brown, green and pink looks like a bizarre quilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re known as the “salt ponds,” and Bay Curious listener Ann Vercoutere has wondered about them since her childhood in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’d drive by on the old Bayshore Freeway, you’d see these big piles of salt,” she says. “So, my question is: what’s the process of how they go from dirty bay water into salt that comes out white from my salt shaker?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>143 Billion Bowls of Popcorn\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Those giant piles of salt actually hold of piece of the Bay Area’s history going back to the Gold Rush and reflect the legacy of environmental change since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, they also hold a lot of seasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The salt stack is 80 feet tall and about 800 feet wide,” says Maria Alizo-Martell of Cargill, Inc., standing next to the 500,000-ton pile. By rough estimate, it would season 143 billion bowls of popcorn, give or take, depending on how salty you like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The piles are at Cargill’s Newark facility, where the final harvest takes place. But it begins in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salty water from the bay is captured in vast ponds, where it starts to evaporate because of heat from the sun and drying by the wind. At first, the ponds are green or brownish in color, like the bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918307\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1918307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/SP_V05_171212.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation shows the movement of reddish salt brine through Cargill’s Newark ponds over the course of 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by Planet)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the salt water becomes more concentrated, it’s moved into other ponds where the color becomes more yellowish. Finally, in the last stage, the “pickle” brine, as it’s known, starts turning pink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We like pink,” says Alizo-Martell with a chuckle, walking across a shallow pond with an inch of pink water. It covers a thick layer of crusty salt and looks like a giant, raspberry snow cone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/bay-curious/2017/12/salt-ponds.mp3","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/12/3526386886_f2139fe9ab_o-e1513209482229.jpg","title":"LISTEN: What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?","program":"Bay Curious","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Don’t Call it a “Salt Pond”\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“This is what we call a crystallizer bed,” says Cargill’s Pat Mapelli. “This is very engineered, managed and manicured, where everything has been rolled, graded, sloped and compacted. Whereas a salt pond is essentially a diked off area that has been flooded with salt water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vibrant pink hue comes from a natural source: halobacterium and microscopic algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the water gets saltier, some microbes can’t hack it and they die off. But others are specially adapted to salty conditions and they flourish, changing the color of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918310\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web4-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt-loving microbes color the water before harvest. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they get stressed as the salinity increases, they produce that red color,” says Alizo-Martell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The saltier the water, the redder the microbes get. That color aids in the salt-making process by absorbing sunlight and increasing evaporation. Clear water doesn’t absorb as much light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once several inches of salt form, Cargill begins the harvest, which lasts from September to December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just beautiful,” says Alizo-Martell, picking up a handful of the flaky, white cubes. “It’s so weather dependent. You had a bad year, you get not much salt.” A lot of rain slows down the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918312\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web3-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The massive salt stack in Newark holds 500,000 tons. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In all, it takes three years and a thousand gallons of bay water to produce just one pound of salt. From here, it goes to a refinery where it’s cleaned, sized and sold as sea salt, bearing the Morton’s or Diamond Crystal brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only 3 percent of the salt ends up on our table. The rest supplies a huge range of industrial processes, from pharmaceuticals to food production, water treatment and road salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Gold Rush History\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, the Bay Area may not be what it is today without its salt. Harvesting salt from the Bay dates back to Native American groups like the Ohlone, but demand really picked up in the 1850s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As people migrated from the east to the west, mostly around the discovery of gold, there was a need for salt,” says Mapelli. “Everybody traveled with salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without refrigeration, salt was how people preserved food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was almost worth its weight in gold,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salt-making boomed through the 1970s, when Cargill bought the operation. 44,000 acres of the bay were in production then, but today, it’s just 8,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the market for salt shifted and so did our view of what San Francisco Bay should be. The salt ponds used to be marshes, which, around the time of the Gold Rush, were seen as wasteland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/salt-ponds-web5-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only three percent ends up as table salt. The rest goes to industry. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There was an encouragement by both the state and federal government to put what they considered wasteland or swamp and overflow lands into economic use,” Mapelli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Bay has lost more than 80 percent of its marshes. So, in 2003, the federal and state governments bought thousands of acres of ponds from Cargill. In the biggest ecosystem restoration project on the West Coast, the ponds are being reconnected to the Bay and restored to their original status as marshlands to support wildlife and act as buffers against rising sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Bay Curious questioner Ann Vercoutere, the ponds are one of the few things that haven’t changed from her childhood in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was a kid in Mountain View, “there were lots of orchards around,” she says. “Some of our summer jobs were going to work picking Italian prune plums with the migrant workers. Shoreline Amphitheater was the city dump. That was always a fun Saturday to go with our dad and pick through the dump and look for stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the salt ponds border some of the most expensive real estate in the nation, not far from gleaming tech campuses. The chances of starting a large, industrial salt-making operation in the Bay today are effectively zilch, for financial and environmental reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the long, colorful history, Cargill still holds rights to make salt, which really, is the only way salt-harvesting has stuck around amid the intense development pressure of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1918301/what-are-those-weird-pink-ponds-in-san-francisco-bay","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_89","science_35","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_3370","science_507","science_670","science_208"],"featImg":"science_1918302","label":"source_science_1918301"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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