6.3.1The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease. *
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6.3.2 Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting. *
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6.3.3 Clotting factors are released from platelets. *
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6.3.4 The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombrin. *
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6.3.5 Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases. *
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6.3.6 Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives specific immunity. *
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6.3.7 Antibiotic blocks processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. *
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6.3.8 Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics *
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6.3.9 Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance. *
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6.3.A1 Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries *
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6.3.A2 Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice *
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6.3.A3 Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission *
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6.3.A3 Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission *
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Risks associated with scientific research- Florey and Chain’s tests on the safety of penicillin would not be compliant with current protocol on testing. *
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Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells *
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Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers. *
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B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals. *
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Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells *
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Plasma cells secrete antibodies. *
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Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens *
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White cells release histamine in response to allergens. *
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Histamines cause allergic symptoms *
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Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells. *
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Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease. *
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Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cell *
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Fusion of a tumor cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell. *
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Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination *
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Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used to pregnancy test kits. *
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Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group. *
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Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programs. *
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Consider ethical implications of research- Jenner tested his vaccine for smallpox in a child. *
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