PIE Branch: Survey #3
Sound Changes: Round #2
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In sequences CC, consonants assimilate in voicing to a following consonant. *
/sd/ > /zd/, /ws/ > /ʍs/
Word initial vowels are preceded by a glottal stop. *
*n̥- 'not' /un-/ > /ʔun-/
Palatalized stops become palatal stops *
/kʲ/→/c/,  /gʲ/→/ɟ/
When followed or preceeded by a velar consonant, /l/ is realized as velar lateral approximant [ʟ] *
*klādʱrā 'alder (tree)' > /kʟaːdra/
Sequences /aw/ and /au/ > /o:/ *
Sequences /aj/ and /ai/ > /e:/ *
Word final unrounded vowels are devoiced; word final long vowels are shortened. *
Ex. *lāmā 'swamp, puddle' > /laːma/, Ex. /dhnghe/ > /dunge̥/
Nasals geminate when preceding a coda-position consonant; the other consonant is lost. *
/m n/ > /m: n:/, / V_C | Ex. /dékʲumt/ > /dékʲum:/
In sequences CC where both are plosives with the same voicing, the first is spirantized to a fricative of the same articulation. *
Ex. /pt/ > /ɸt/, /dg/ > /zg/
/e/ > /(j)ɛ/ which has [j] if initial, and otherwise palatalizes the preceding consonant. *
Ex. septḿ̥ "seven" > /sʲeptum/
Before /i/ and /j/, velar consonants are palatalized, and alveolar consonants become affricates *
/k g/ > /t͡ɕ d͡ʑ/, /t d/ > /t͡s d͡z/
/s/ debuccalizes in coda position to /h/ *
Ex. /kes/ > /keh/, /lestum/ > /lehtum/
RUKI Sound Law *
*s changes to *ʃ after the consonants *r, *k, *g, and the semi-vowels *w (*u̯) and *y (*i̯)
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