Skip to main content
Log in

Facebook ‘friendship’ and brand advocacy

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Brand Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study tests hypotheses integrating relational aspects of social networks, self-expressive brands and consumers’ brand advocacy. We explore the relationship between homophily and social ties, and the extent to which strong ties are associated with Facebook users’ incorporation of self-expressive brands in their personal profiles by ‘Liking’ them. We also examine the relationship between self-expressive brands ‘Liked’ on Facebook, and consumers’ brand advocacy in online and offline settings. A survey of 265 Facebook users reveals stronger social ties influence consumers to ‘Like’ brands that express their inner and social selves. Self-expressive brands reflecting one's inner or social self encourage consumers to offer positive WOM on social networks. Further, self-expressive brands ‘Liked’ on Facebook positively influence consumers’ brand acceptance, and their willingness to forgive ‘Liked’ brands for wrongdoing. Managerial implications along with implications for theory development are explored.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aaker, D. (2010) Marketing challenges in the next decade. Journal of Brand Management 17 (5): 315–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahuvia, A.C. (2005) Beyond the extended self: Loved objects and consumers’ identity narratives. Journal of Consumer Research 32 (1): 171–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E.W. (1998) Customer satisfaction and word of mouth. Journal of Service Research 1 (1): 5–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (1988) Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin 103 (3): 411–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R.P. and Yi, Y. (1988) On the evaluation of structural equations models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16 (1): 74–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J., Broderick, A.J. and Lee, N. (2007) Word of mouth communication within online communities: Conceptualizing the online social network. Journal of Interactive Marketing 21 (3): 2–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.J. and Reingen, P.H. (1987) Social ties and word-of-mouth referral behavior. Journal of Consumer Research 14 (3): 350–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buffardi, L.E. and Campbell, W.K. (2008) Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (10): 1303–1314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, B.A. and Ahuvia, A.C. (2006) Some antecedents and outcomes of brand love. Marketing Letters 17 (2): 79–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheong, H.J. and Morrison, M.A. (2008) Consumers’ reliance on product information and recommendations found in UGC. Journal of Interactive Advertising 8 (2): 8–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chernev, A., Hamilton, R. and Gal, D. (2011) Competing for consumer identity: Limits to self-expression and the perils of lifestyle branding. Journal of Marketing 75 (3): 66–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cova, B. (1997) Community and consumption. Towards a definition of the ‘linking value’ of products or services. European Journal of Marketing 31 (3/4): 297–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cova, B. and Cova, V. (2002) Tribal marketing: The tribalisation of society and its impact on the conduct of marketing. European Journal of Marketing 36 (5/6): 595–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danaher, P.J. and Mullarkey, G.W. (2003) Factors affecting online advertising recall: A study of students. Journal of Advertising Research 43 (3):252–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bruyn, A. and Lilien, G. (2008) A multi-stage model of word-of-mouth influence through viral marketing. International Journal of Marketing Research 25 (3): 151–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Chernatony, L., McDonald, M. and Wallace, E. (2011) Creating Powerful Brands, 4th edn. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du, S., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Sen, S. (2007) Reaping relational rewards from corporate social responsibility: The role of competitive positioning. International Journal of Research in Marketing 24 (3): 224–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Escalas, J.E. and Bettman, J.R. (2005) Self-construal, reference groups and brand meaning. Journal of Consumer Research 32 (3): 378–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Facebook. (2012) Newsroom Factsheet (online), http://newsroom.fb.com/content/default.aspx?NewsAreaId=22, accessed 2 February 2012.

  • Facebook Developers. (2012) Like Button (online), http://developers.facebook.com/docs/reference/plugins/like/, accessed 2 February 2012.

  • Ferguson, R. (2008) Word of mouth and viral marketing: Taking the temperature of the hottest trends in marketing. Journal of Consumer Marketing 25 (3): 179–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, C.S. (1982) What do we mean by ‘friend’? An inductive study. Social Networks 3 (4): 287–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1): 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier, S. (1998) Consumers and their brands: Developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research 24 (4): 343–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, K., Foster, K.D. and Parsons, J. (2001) The medium is not the message: Advertising effectiveness and content evaluation in print and on the web. Journal of Advertising Research 41 (4): 57–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gatignon, H. and Robertson, T. (1985) A propositional inventory for new diffusion research. Journal of Consumer Research 11 (March): 51–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godes, D. and Mayzlin, D. (2004) Using online conversations to study word-of-mouth conversation. Marketing Science 4: 545–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golder, S., Wilkinson, D. and Huberman, B.A. (2007) Rhythms of social interaction: Messaging within a massive online network. In: C. Steinfield, B. Pentland, M. Akerman and N. Contractor (eds.) Communities and Technologies 2007: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Communities and Technologies. London: Springer, pp. 41–66.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, R.E. (2009) Conversational capital: How to create stuff people love to talk about. Journal of Consumer Marketing 26 (5): 370–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, M.S. (1973) The strength of weak ties. The American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360–1380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. and Tatham, R.L. (2006) Multivariate Data Analysis, Upper Saddle River. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig-Thurau, T. et al (2010) The impact of new media on customer relationships. Journal of Service Research 13 (3): 311–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, D.L. and Fodor, M. (2010) Can you measure the ROI of your social media marketing? MIT Sloan Management Review 52 (1): 41–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollenbeck, C.R. and Zinkhan, G.M. (2006) Consumer activism on the internet: The role of anti-brand communities. Advances in Consumer Research 33 (1): 479–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huberman, B.A., Romero, D.M. and Wu, F. (2008) Social networks that matter: Twitter under the microscope. HP Working Paper Series. Available at SSRN, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1313405, accessed 17 June 2011.

  • Iyengar, R., Han, S. and Gupta, S. (2009) Do friends influence purchases in a social network? Harvard Business School Marketing Unit Working Paper No. 9-123. Available at SSRN, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1392172, accessed 12 June 2011.

  • Kozinets, R.V., de, Valck K., Woknicki, A.C. and Wilner, S.J.S. (2010) Networked narratives: Understanding word of mouth marketing in online communities. Journal of Marketing 74 (2): 71–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawer, C. and Knox, S. (2006) Customer advoacy and brand development. Journal of Product and Brand Management 15 (2): 121–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, K., Kaufman, J., Gonzalez, M., Wimmer, A. and Christakis, N. (2008) Tastes, ties and time: A new social network dataset using facebook.com. Social Networks 30 (4): 330–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, P., Samson, A. and Upton, N. (2005) Advocacy drives growth: Customer advocacy drives UK. Business growth (online), http://www2.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/ERD/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/AdvocacyDrivesGrowth_5-9-05.pdf, accessed 20 June 2012.

  • Mathwick, C., Wiertz, C. and De Ruyter, K. (2008) Social capital production in a virtual P3 community. Journal of Consumer Research 34 (6): 832–849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCrae, R.R. and John, O.P. (1992) An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality 60 (2): 175–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCroskey, J.C., Richmond, V.P. and Daly, J.A. (1975) The development of a measure of perceived homophily in interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research 1 (4): 323–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L. and Cook, J.M. (2001) Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehdizadeh, S. (2010) Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 13 (4): 357–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, A.L. and Papacharissi, Z. (2010) Look at us: Collective narcissism. In: Z. Papacharissi (ed.) College Student Facebook Photo Galleries in A Networked Self: Identity, Community and Culture on Social Network Sites. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muniz Jr, A.M. and O'Guinn, T.C. (2001) Brand community. Journal of Consumer Research 27 (4): 412–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M.E.J. (2003) The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review 45 (2): 167–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J.C. (1967) Psychometric Theory. New York: Mc-Graw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, A. (2011) Social-networkers of the world unite and take over: A meta-introspective perspective on the Facebook brand. Journal of Business Research 65 (4): 527–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richins, M.L. (1984) Word of mouth communication as negative information. Advances in Consumer Research 11 (1): 697–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowley, T.J. (1997) Moving beyond dyadic ties: A network theory of stakeholder influences. Academy of Management Review 22 (4): 887–910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, T. and Xenos, S. (2011) Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the big five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness and Facebook usage. Computers in Human Behavior 27 (5): 1658–1664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saiki, D. and DeLong, M.R. (2006) Professionals’ relationships with clients in the apparel industry. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 9 (3): 266–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schau, H.J. and Gilly, M.C. (2003) We are what we post? Self-presentation in personal web space. Journal of Consumer Research 30 (3): 385–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Senecal, S. and Nantel, J. (2004) The influence of online product recommendations of consumers’ online choices. Journal of Retailing 80 (2): 159–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, M. (2003) Conquering Consumerspace: Marketing Strategies for a Branded World. New York: Amacom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffes, E.M. and Burgee, L.E. (2009) Social ties and online word of mouth. Internet Research 19 (1): 42–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trusov, M., Bodapati, A.V. and Bucklin, R.E. (2010) Determining influential users in internet social network sites. Journal of Marketing Research 47 (4): 643–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, S., Park, N. and Kee, K.F. (2009) Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 14 (4): 875–901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veblen, T. (1899) The preconceptions of economic science. Quarterly Journal of Economics 13 (4): 396–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veloutsou, C. and Moutinho, L. (2009) Brand relationships through brand reputation and brand tribalism. Journal of Business Research 62 (3): 314–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva, J., Yoo, S. and Hanssens, M. (2008) The impact of marketing-induced versus word-of mouth customer acquisition on customer equity growth. Journal of Marketing Research XLV (February): 48–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R. (2008) Buying In: The Secret Dialogue between What We Buy and Who We Are. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wragg, T. (2004) Nurturing brand advocates. Brand Strategy November: 36–37.

  • Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S. and Martin, J. (2008) Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior 24 (5): 1816–1836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Research Development Initiative, Strand 2 (Ref: RCS 258) from the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences, the I+D+I project (Ref: ECO2009–08283) from the Government of Spain and the project ‘GENERES’ (Ref: S-09) from the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elaine Wallace.

Appendix

Appendix

Table A1

Table A1 Brand categories ‘liked’ on Facebook

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wallace, E., Buil, I. & de Chernatony, L. Facebook ‘friendship’ and brand advocacy. J Brand Manag 20, 128–146 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2012.45

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2012.45

Keywords

Navigation