Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Mediators of the Relation Between Community Violence and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Adults Attending a Public Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Prior research shows that violence is associated with sexual risk behavior, but little is known about the relation between community violence (i.e., violence that is witnessed or experienced in one’s neighborhood) and sexual risk behavior. To better understand contextual influences on HIV risk behavior, we asked 508 adult patients attending a publicly funded STI clinic in the U.S. (54 % male, M age = 27.93, 68 % African American) who were participating in a larger trial to complete a survey assessing exposure to community violence, sexual risk behavior, and potential mediators of the community violence–sexual risk behavior relation (i.e., mental health, substance use, and experiencing intimate partner violence). A separate sample of participants from the same trial completed measures of sexual behavior norms, which were aggregated to create measures of census tract sexual behavior norms. Data analyses controlling for socioeconomic status revealed that higher levels of community violence were associated with more sexual partners for men and with more episodes of unprotected sex with non-steady partners for women. For both men and women, substance use and mental health mediated the community violence–sexual risk behavior relation; in addition, for men only, experiencing intimate partner violence also mediated this relation. These results confirm that, for individuals living in communities with high levels of violence, sexual risk reduction interventions need to address intimate partner violence, substance use, and mental health to be optimally effective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. These data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

References

  • Albarracin, D., Johnson, B. T., Fishbein, M., & Muellerleile, P. A. (2001). Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 142–161.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, K., Wallis, A. B., & Hamberger, L. K. (2015). Neighborhood environment and intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 16, 16–47. doi:10.1177/1524838013515758.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2003). Descriptive and injunctive norms in college drinking: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 331–341.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, S. S. (2006). Lifetime community violence exposure and health risk behavior among young adults in college. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 610–613. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.03.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brahmbhatt, H., Kagesten, A., Emerson, M., Decker, M. R., Olumide, A. O., Ojengbede, O., … Delany-Moretlwe, S. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in urban disadvantaged settings across five cities. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, S48–S57. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.07.023.

  • Browning, C. R., & Burrington, L. A. (2006). Racial differences in sexual and fertility attitudes in an urban setting. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 236–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, M. P., Carey, K. B., & Kalichman, S. C. (1997). Risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among persons with severe mental illnesses. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 271–291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, M. P., Senn, T. E., Coury-Doniger, P., Urban, M. A., Vanable, P. A., & Carey, K. B. (2013). Optimizing the scientific yield from a randomized controlled trial (RCT): Evaluating two behavioral interventions and assessment reactivity with a single trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 36, 135–146. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.06.019.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, M. P., Senn, T. E., Walsh, J. L., Coury-Doniger, P., Urban, M. A., Fortune, T., … Carey, K. B. (2015). Evaluating a brief, video-based sexual risk reduction intervention and assessment reactivity with STI clinic patients: Results from a randomized controlled trial. AIDS and Behavior, 19, 1228–1246. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0960-3.

  • Carlson, D. L., McNulty, T. L., Bellair, P. E., & Watts, S. (2014). Neighborhoods and racial/ethnic disparities in adolescent sexual risk behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1536–1549. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0052-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Estimated HIV incidence among adults and adolescents in the United States, 2007–2010. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/statistics_hssr_vol_17_no_4.pdf.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Monitoring selected national HIV prevention and care objectives by using HIV surveillance data-United States and 6 dependent areas-2011. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/2011_monitoring_hiv_indicators_hssr_final.pdf.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/surv-2014-print.pdf.

  • Clark, C., Ryan, L., Kawachi, I., Canner, M. J., Berkman, L., & Wright, R. J. (2008). Witnessing community violence in residential neighborhoods: A mental health hazard for urban women. Journal of Urban Health, 85, 22–38. doi:10.1007/s11524-007-9229-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D., Spear, S., Scribner, R., Kissinger, P., Mason, K., & Wildgen, J. (2000). “Broken windows” and the risk of gonorrhea. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 230–236.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., & Smith, P. H. (2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23, 260–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colfax, G., Vittinghoff, E., Husnik, M. J., McKirnan, D., Buchbinder, S., Koblin, B., … Explore Study Team. (2004). Substance use and sexual risk: A participant- and episode-level analysis among a cohort of men who have sex with men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159, 1002–1012.

  • Cook, R. L., & Clark, D. B. (2005). Is there an association between alcohol consumption and sexually transmitted diseases? A systematic review. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 32, 156–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H. L., Linton, S., Haley, D. F., Kelley, M. E., Dauria, E. F., Karnes, C. C., … Bonney, L. E. (2015). Changes in exposure to neighborhood characteristics are associated with sexual network characteristics in a cohort of adults relocating from public housing. AIDS and Behavior, 19, 1016–1030. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0883-z.

  • Cooper, M. L. (2006). Does drinking promote risky sexual behavior? A complex answer to a simple question. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 19–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cubbin, C., Santelli, J., Brindis, C. D., & Braveman, P. (2005). Neighborhood context and sexual behaviors among adolescents: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37, 125–134. doi:10.1363/psrh.37.125.05.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curry, A., Latkin, C., & Davey-Rothwell, M. (2008). Pathways to depression: The impact of neighborhood violent crime on inner-city residents in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Social Science and Medicine, 67, 23–30. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.007.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, D. A., Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., & Zhou, Y. (2005). Effectiveness of the derived Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) in screening for alcohol use disorders and risk drinking in the US general population. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 29, 844–854.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., Crosby, R. A., Sionean, C., Brown, L. K., Rothbaum, B., … Davies, S. (2001). A prospective study of psychological distress and sexual risk behavior among black adolescent females. Pediatrics, 108, E85.

  • Eisenberg, M. E., Toumbourou, J. W., Catalano, R. F., & Hemphill, S. A. (2014). Social norms in the development of adolescent substance use: A longitudinal analysis of the International Youth Development Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1486–1497. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0111-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ewart, C. K., & Suchday, S. (2002). Discovering how urban poverty and violence affect health: Development and validation of a Neighborhood Stress Index. Health Psychology, 21, 254–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldhaus, K. M., Koziol-McLain, J., Amsbury, H. L., Norton, I. M., Lowenstein, S. R., & Abbott, J. T. (1997). Accuracy of 3 brief screening questions for detecting partner violence in the emergency department. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 1357–1361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, P. J., & Steptoe, A. (2004). How neighborhoods and physical functioning are related: The roles of neighborhood socioeconomic status, perceived neighborhood strain, and individual health risk factors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 91–99. doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2702_3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. D., & Fisher, W. A. (2000). Theoretical approaches to individual-level change in HIV risk behavior. In J. L. Peterson & R. J. DiClemente (Eds.), Handbook of HIV prevention (pp. 1–55). New York: Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. L., & Browning, C. R. (2014). Effects of exposure to violence with a weapon during adolescence on adult hypertension. Annals of Epidemiology, 24, 193–198. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.12.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J., Olchowski, A., & Gilreath, T. (2007). How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prevention Science, 8, 206–213. doi:10.1007/s11121-007-0070-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, H. I., Song, R., Rhodes, P., Prejean, J., An, Q., Lee, L. M., … HIV Incidence Surveillance Group. (2008). Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300, 520–529. doi:10.1001/jama.300.5.520

  • Hess, K. L., Javanbakht, M., Brown, J. M., Weiss, R. E., Hsu, P., & Gorbach, P. M. (2012). Intimate partner violence and sexually transmitted infections among young adult women. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 39, 366–371. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182478fa5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis, S. D., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., & Marchbanks, P. A. (2001). Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: A retrospective cohort study. Family Planning Perspectives, 33, 206–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, H. E., Lyketsos, C. G., Zenilman, J. M., Thompson, R. E., & Erbelding, E. J. (2004). Depression and HIV risk behaviors among patients in a sexually transmitted disease clinic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 912–914.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, H. E., Treisman, G. J., Hunt, W. R., Fishman, M., Kendig, N., Swetz, A., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2001). HIV risk behaviors and their relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder among women prisoners. Psychiatric Services, 52, 508–513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B. T., Redding, C. A., DiClemente, R. J., Mustanski, B. S., Dodge, B., Sheeran, P., … Fishbein, M. (2010). A network-individual-resource model for HIV prevention. AIDS and Behavior, 14, 204–221. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9803-z.

  • Kerr, J. C., Valois, R. F., Siddiqi, A., Vanable, P., & Carey, M. P. (2015). Neighborhood condition and geographic locale in assessing HIV/STI risk among African American adolescents. AIDS and Behavior, 19, 1005–1013. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0868-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M. R., Kaufman, J. S., Pence, B. W., Gaynes, B. N., Adimora, A. A., Weir, S. S., & Miller, W. C. (2009). Depression, sexually transmitted infection, and sexual risk behavior among young adults in the United States. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 163, 644–652. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kliewer, W., & Zaharakis, N. (2013). Community violence exposure, coping, and problematic alcohol and drug use among urban, female caregivers: A prospective study. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 361–366. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.020.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Lowe, B. (2009). An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ-4. Psychosomatics, 50, 613–621. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.50.6.613.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehrer, J. A., Shrier, L. A., Gortmaker, S., & Buka, S. (2006). Depressive symptoms as a longitudinal predictor of sexual risk behaviors among US middle and high school students. Pediatrics, 118, 189–200. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. A., Lee, C. M., Patrick, M. E., & Fossos, N. (2007). Gender-specific normative misperceptions of risky sexual behavior and alcohol-related risky sexual behavior. Sex Roles, 57, 81–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J. P., Springer, S. A., & Altice, F. L. (2011). Substance abuse, violence, and HIV in women: A literature review of the syndemic. Journal of Womens Health, 20, 991–1006. doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittal, M., Senn, T. E., & Carey, M. P. (2011). Mediators of the relation between partner violence and sexual risk behavior among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 38, 510–515. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318207f59b.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morenoff, J. D., Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2001). Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology, 39, 517–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2009). Initiation of alcohol use in early adolescence: Links with exposure to community violence across time. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 779–781. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.04.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musick, K., Seltzer, J. A., & Schwartz, C. R. (2008). Neighborhood norms and substance use among teens. Social Science Research, 37, 138–155.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2013). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.

  • Owusu-Edusei, K., Jr., Chesson, H. W., Gift, T. L., Tao, G., Mahajan, R., Ocfemia, M. C., & Kent, C. K. (2013). The estimated direct medical cost of selected sexually transmitted infections in the United States, 2008. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 40, 197–201. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318285c6d2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. Y., Walsh, B., Bullion, J. W., Reid, P. V., Bacon, K., & Okoro, N. (2014). The intersection of intimate partner violence and HIV in U.S. women: A review. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 25, S36–49. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2012.12.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raghavan, C., Mennerich, A., Sexton, E., & James, S. E. (2006). Community violence and its direct, indirect, and mediating effects on intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 12, 1132–1149. doi:10.1177/1077801206294115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reboussin, B. A., Green, K. M., Milam, A. J., Furr-Holden, C. D., & Ialongo, N. S. (2014). Neighborhood environment and urban African American marijuana use during high school. Journal of Urban Health, 91, 1189–1201. doi:10.1007/s11524-014-9909-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, E., Silverman, J. G., Welles, S. L., Santana, M. C., Missmer, S. A., & Raj, A. (2009). Associations between perceptions and involvement in neighborhood violence and intimate partner violence perpetration among urban, African American men. Journal of Community Health, 34, 328–335. doi:10.1007/s10900-009-9161-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinert, D. F., & Allen, J. P. (2007). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: An update of research findings. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 185–199. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00295.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivis, A., & Sheeran, P. (2003). Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Current Psychology, 22, 218–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, D. B. (1996). Multiple imputation after 18+ years. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91, 473–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scarpa, A., Fikretoglu, D., Bowser, F., Hurley, J. D., Pappert, C. A., Romero, N., & van Voorhees, E. (2002). Community violence exposure in university students: A replication and extension. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 253–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, J. L. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. New York: Chapman and Hall.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, J. L. (1999). Multiple imputation: A primer. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8, 3–15. doi:10.1177/096228029900800102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senn, T. E., Carey, M. P., Vanable, P. A., Coury-Doniger, P., & Urban, M. A. (2006). Childhood sexual abuse and sexual risk behavior among men and women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 720–731. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.4.720.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Seth, P., DiClemente, R. J., & Lovvorn, A. E. (2013). State of the evidence: Intimate partner violence and HIV/STI risk among adolescents. Current HIV Research, 11, 528–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seth, P., Raiford, J. L., Robinson, L. S., Wingood, G. M., & DiClemente, R. J. (2010). Intimate partner violence and other partner-related factors: Correlates of sexually transmissible infections and risky sexual behaviours among young adult African American women. Sexual Health, 7, 25–30. doi:10.1071/SH08075.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, M., & Clair, S. (2003). Syndemics and public health: Reconceptualizing disease in the bio-social context. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 17, 423–441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, H. A. (1982). The drug abuse screening test. Addictive Behaviors, 7, 363–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slopen, N., Fitzamurice, G. M., Williams, D. R., & Gilman, S. E. (2012). Common patterns of violence experiences and depression and anxiety among adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47, 1591–1605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sprecher, S., Treger, S., & Sakaluk, J. K. (2013). Premarital sexual standards and sociosexuality: Gender, ethnicity, and cohort differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1395–1405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A., & Ramirez, I. L. (2007). Gender symmetry in prevalence, severity, and chronicity of physical aggression against dating partners by university students in Mexico and USA. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 281–290. doi:10.1002/ab.20199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stueve, A., & O’Donnell, L. (2008). Urban young women’s experiences of discrimination and community violence and intimate partner violence. Journal of Urban Health, 85, 386–401. doi:10.1007/s11524-008-9265-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Swahn, M. H., Alemdar, M., & Whitaker, D. J. (2010). Nonreciprocal and reciprocal dating violence and injury occurrence among urban youth. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 11, 264–268.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tofighi, D., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2011). RMediation: An R package for mediation analysis confidence intervals. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 692–700.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voisin, D. R. (2005). The relationship between violence exposure and HIV sexual risk behavior: Does gender matter? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 497–506. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.75.4.497.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voisin, D. R., Hotton, A. L., & Neilands, T. B. (2014). Testing pathways linking exposure to community violence and sexual behaviors among African American youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1513–1526. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0068-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J. L., Senn, T. E., & Carey, M. P. (2012). Exposure to different types of violence and subsequent sexual risk behavior among female STD clinic patients: A latent class analysis. Psychology of Violence, 2, 339–354. doi:10.1037/a0027716.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, T. D., Giordano, P. C., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2011). Everybody’s doin’ it (Right?): Neighborhood norms and sexual activity in adolescence. Social Science Research, 40, 1676–1690. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.06.009.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker, D. J., Haileyesus, T., Swahn, M., & Saltzman, L. S. (2007). Differences in frequency of violence and reported injury between relationships with reciprocal and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 941–947. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079020.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A., & Shiffman, S. (1985). Coping and substance use: A conceptual framework. In S. Shiffman & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Coping and substance abuse (pp. 3–24). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, H. W., & Widom, C. S. (2009). Sexually transmitted diseases among adults who had been abused and neglected as children: A 30-year prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 99, S197–203. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131599.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, H. W., Woods, B. A., Emerson, E., & Donenberg, G. R. (2012). Patterns of violence exposure and sexual risk in low-income, urban African American girls. Psychology of Violence, 2, 194–207. doi:10.1037/a0027265.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). The police and neighborhood safety: Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, 127, 29–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W. C., & Rosenthal, B. S. (2003). The relationship between exposure to community violence and psychological distress among adolescents: A meta-analysis. Violence and Victims, 18, 335–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, E. M., Fagan, A. A., & Pinchevsky, G. M. (2013). The effects of exposure to violence and victimization across life domains on adolescent substance use. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37, 899–909. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.04.010.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zinzow, H. M., Ruggiero, K. J., Hanson, R. F., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2009a). Witnessed community and parental violence in relation to substance use and delinquency in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 525–533. doi:10.1002/jts.20469.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zinzow, H. M., Ruggiero, K. J., Resnick, H., Hanson, R., Smith, D., Saunders, B., & Kilpatrick, D. (2009b). Prevalence and mental health correlates of witnessed parental and community violence in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 441–450. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02004.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by a Grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068171) to Michael P. Carey.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Jennifer L. Walsh

    Present address: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Box SON, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY, 14642, USA

    Theresa E. Senn

  2. Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital and Brown University, 164 Summit Ave., Providence, RI, 02906, USA

    Jennifer L. Walsh & Michael P. Carey

Authors
  1. Theresa E. Senn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jennifer L. Walsh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael P. Carey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Theresa E. Senn.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Senn, T.E., Walsh, J.L. & Carey, M.P. Mediators of the Relation Between Community Violence and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Adults Attending a Public Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic. Arch Sex Behav 45, 1069–1082 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0714-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0714-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation