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-3ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت
أ -ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت
ln(1)=0 [∞]0; + * -ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ lnهﻲ
[∞]0; + * -اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ lnﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
1
[ ∞∀ x ∈ ]0; + = ) ln'( x و [∞]0; + * -اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ lnﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ
x
[∞]0; + * -اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ lnﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ
ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﺪدﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ xو y
ln x = ln y ⇔ x = y
ln x ln y ⇔ x y
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
ln x = 0 ⇔ x = 1
ln x 0 ⇔ x 1
ln x ≺ 0 ⇔ 0 ≺ x ≺ 1
(
g : x → ln x 2 − 3x ) ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ -1ﺣﺪد ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺪاﻟﺘﻴﻦ ) f : x → ln ( x − 1) + ln ( 4 − x
( )
) ln x 2 − 3 = ln ( 2x ( )
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ln x 2 + 2x = 0 -2ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ
( )
) ln x 2 − 2x ≤ ln ( x ln ( x − x − 2 ) ≺ 0
2
اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺟﺤﺘﻴﻦ -3ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ
ب -ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ
) [ ∞∀ ( a ; b ) ∈ ( ]0; +
2
ln ( ab ) = ln a + ln b
اﻟﺒﺮهﺎن
1 1 1
ln x × = ln1 ⇔ ln x + ln = 0 ⇔ ln = − ln x
x x x
1
ln x r = ln x − n = ln n
= − ln x n = − n ln x = r ln x وﻣﻨﻪr = −n ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻀﻊr ∈ *
− إذا آﺎن
x
p
p p
y =x q
⇔x = y q ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن q∈ *
p∈ *
/ = r إذا آﺎن
q
p p
اذن ln y = ln x أيp ln x = q ln y و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ln x = ln y q و ﻣﻨﻪ
q
p
p
ln x r = r ln x أيln x q
= ln x
q
1
∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ ln x ln x =
ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ
2
ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦg وf هﻞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺘﺎن ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
f ( x ) = ln ( x − 1) g ( x ) = 2ln x − 1
2
(a
f ( x ) = ln x ( x − 1) g ( x ) = ln x + ln ( x − 1) (b
2 + 1 + ln
ln 2 −1 ( أﺣﺴﺐ1 ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
2
ln 2 0, 7 ln 3 1,1 ادا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أنln وln 6 ( أﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟـ2
9
1 1
∞lim+ ln x = lim ln = lim − ln t = − = x ﻧﻀﻊ اﻟﺒﺮهﺎن
x →0 ∞t →+ ∞t t →+ t
(cاﻟﻌﺪدe
= ) [∞ ln ( ]0; +و ﻣﻨﻪ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ lnﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ lnﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞ ]0; +وﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ و
ﻧﺤﻮ [ ∞ ]0; +
و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ln x = 1ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺣﻼ وﺣﻴﺪا ﻓﻲ [∞ ]0; +وﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف eادن ln e = 1
e 2, 71828 ﻧﻘﺒﻞ أن eﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺪدا ﺟﺬرﻳﺎ و ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﻘﺮﺑﺔ هﻲ
(dﺟﺪول ﺗﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ln
ﺑﻤﺎ أن ∞ lim ln x = −ﻓﺎن ﻣﺤﻮر اﻻراﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎرب ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ln (eاﻟﻔﺮوع اﻟﻼﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ
x →0 +
ln x
lim =0 ﻣﺒﺮهﻨﺔ
x →+∞ x
اذن اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ lnﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﺎ ﺷﻠﺠﻤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﺎﺻﻴﻞ
1
اذن ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ lnﻣﻘﻌﺮ [∞∀x ∈ ]0; + ( ln ) '' ( x ) = − (fدراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻌﺮ
x2
(gاﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ
uﻻﺗﻨﻌﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ Iو ﻣﻨﻪ uإﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ Iأو ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ I اﻟﺒﺮهﺎن
اذا آﺎﻧﺖ uﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ Iﻓﺎن ) f ( x ) = ln u ( x
)u '( x
∀x ∈ I = ) f ' ( x ) = u ' ( x ) ln' u ( x وﻣﻨﻪ
)u ( x
اذا آﺎﻧﺖ uﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ Iﻓﺎن )) f ( x ) = ln(−u ( x
) −u ' ( x )u '( x
∀x ∈ I = )) f ' ( x ) = − u ' ( x ) ln'( − u ( x = وﻣﻨﻪ
) −u ( x )u ( x
ﺣﺪد ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fو أﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
f ( x ) = ln ( x 2 + 2 x ) (b f ( x ) = ln x 2 − 4 (a
ب -ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
uداﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل Iو ﻻ ﺗﻨﻌﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل I
'u
ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ uﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل I اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
u
ج -ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ
uداﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل Iو ﻻ ﺗﻨﻌﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل I
)u '( x
→ xﻋﻠﻰ Iهﻲ اﻟﺪوال x → ln u ( x ) + cﺣﻴﺚ cﻋﺪد ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺪوال اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
)u ( x
أوﺟﺪ داﻟﺔ أﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل Iﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ1
x −1 ) f ( x ) = tan ( x x −1
= ) f ( x f ( x ) = 2
x +1 −π π x − 2x
[∞ I = ]−1; + I = 2 ; 2 [∞ I = ]2; +
x3 + 1
= )f ( x ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ 2أﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ [∞ ]−1; +ﺣﻴﺚ
)( x + 2
2
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت
1
= Mﻓﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ * -اذا وﺿﻌﻨﺎ
ln10
(M ) 0, 434 [∞∀x ∈ ]0; + log x = M ln x
∈ ∀m log10m = m *-
log 0, 01 ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ -1أﺣﺴﺐ log10000
log ( x − 1) + log ( x + 3) = 2 -2ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ
x + y = 65
2
-3ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ
log x + log y = 3